Teluk Penyu
Beach is a beach on the south coast which has the potential of wind and
solar are quite large . The main problem of this type of energy is not
available continuously. To overcome these problems , a hybrid technique is
widely used to combine several types of power plants . Planning this hybrid
power plant will use HOMER software to analyze the total cost of planning a
hybrid power plant and also to compare the reliability in terms of electrical
and also the cost of the two turbines that will be used , namely turbine is BWC
Excel - S 10 kW and PGE -20 / 25 kW . Based on simulation results , the first
hybrid power plant using 5 units of turbine BWC Excel - S 10 kW and 50 kWp
photovoltaic , generate energy production 84.774 kWh / yr , with an initial
capital cost USD 612.780 and COE of $ 0,966 / kWh . The second hybrid power
plant using 2 units of 25 kW turbine Polaris and 50 kWp photovoltaic , energy
production generates 116,147 kWh / yr , with an initial capital cost USD 489
382 and COE of $ 0.573 / kWh .
Keywords:
Planning a hybrid power plant, HOMER, wind power plants, solar power plants,
turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW, turbine
PGE-20/25, COE
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
I.1.
Background
Today's energy needs
are increasing with the increasing human needs. This is an indication of the
energy crisis in the world. One of the causes of the energy crisis is still the
number dependence on fossil energy sources, especially oil. Just as we know that
the availability of fossil fuels as a primary energy is very limited and
constantly under threat of scarcity. In times of today are pretty much built
power plants, both conventional and renewable, but it turns out there are still
areas that do not get the supply of electricity in particular. In remote areas
there is already a lot of electricity generation by renewable energy such as
wind, streams, solar and others. But it did not fully meet the electrical load
to a particular area of the maximum.
Hybrid power plants
(PLTH) or a hybrid system (hybrid system) is a power generation system that
combines several new energy sources and terbarukan.PLTH a solution to the fuel
crisis and the absence of electricity in the area terpencildan which are
difficult to reach by the large generation systems such as network PLN. This
PLTH utilize renewable energy (renewable energy) as the main source (primary)
combined with Diesel Generator as a backup energy source (secondary)
(Rosyid.O.A, 2011). The system is very suitable to be applied in an area that
has sources of renewable energy in the community of dense population and
concentrated. Excess production PLTH energilistrik of the system can be stored
in the battery (storage systems) so unfortunate- rugienergi can be avoided.
Teluk Penyu Beach at
Cilacap is one of the beaches on the south coast of Java island that have the
potential of wind energy as wind power plants (thermal power station).
According to data from BMKG Cilacap wind speed, wind speed around Cilacap coast
varies between 0 to 12 m / s in 2012. Average monthly wind speed in Cilacap in
2012 varied between 1.45 m / s to 3.3 m / s at a height of 10 meters. Such data
show that thermal power station at low speed wind turbines can be developed on
the coast.
In order to meet the
electricity needs with effective and efficient performance required system
wind-solar hybrid plant that in fact the coastal areas Cilacap Teluk Penyu also
has solar potential that can be utilized. Hybridization combination or hybrid
power plants (wind-solar) will be used to distribute the load base in the
coastal areas, especially the Teluk Penyu.
Based on some of the
above authors took the initiative to prepare the final project titled "
STUDY OF 100 KILOWATTS
HYBRID POWER PLANT PLANNING WIND AND SOLAR AT TELUK PENYU BEACH, CILACAP".
I.2. Formulation of the problem
Based on the above, it can be
found several problems as follows:
1. How can the potential of wind
and sun (solar) Annual Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap?
2. How much energy is generated by
PLTH (wind-solar) annually?
3. How is the determination of
the capacity of the components used in the planning PLTH wind and solar power
capacity of 100 kW with 10 kW wind turbines and 25 kW?
4. How does the draft PLTH wind
and solar power capacity of 100 kW using software homer either by using wind
turbines capacity of 10 kW and 25 kW per unit?
5. What are the costs required in
the manufacture PLTH wind and solar power capacity of 100 kW is?
6. How do you compare the
characteristics of the design PLTH wind and solar power of 100 KW wind turbines
using 10 kW and 25 kW?
I.3. Scope of problem
In order to research conducted is
not too large, it is necessary to limit the problem. The limit problem is as
follows:
1. The system will be designed
PLTH not use generators / generators
2. The wind data used in the
calculation and simulation is the average data speed of the wind from BMKG
Cilacap in 2012, while the solar insolation the data used in the design
obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy.
3. Simulations were performed
using the software HOMER
4. Cost analysis is limited to
only the components that include the turbine, tower, PV modules, bateray and
converte, structure (tower and foundation).
I.4. Hypothesis
Based on the data obtained
previously, the design PLTH (wind-solar) is expected to supply the needs of the
electrical load for coastal areas of the Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap maximum.
I.5. Research purposes
Some of the objectives of the
research on design PLTH (wind-solar) in the Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap is:
1 Knowing the potential of wind
and sun (solar) in the area of Turtle Bay Beach Cilacap
2 Knowing how much energy is
generated by PLTH (wind-solar)
3 Planning system PLTH wind and
solar power and simulate the system using HOMER software.
4 Knowing the cost estimates used
in the construction PLTH to an installed capacity of 100 kW.
5 Comparing the results of the
draft PLTH 100 kW wind turbines 10 kW and 25 kW per unit.
I.6. Benefits of research
The benefits of other research
about PLTH Planning (wind-solar) in Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap area is as
follows:
1 Provides an overview of the
planning of hybrid power plants (wind-solar), particularly in the area of the
Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap.
2 It can be a reference for those
who want to build a hybrid power plant (the solar wind).
3 It can be a reference for
students who want to make scientific papers related to power generation hybrid
(wind-solar).
I.7. Writing system
In order to achieve the objectives
of this Final discussion as expected, then the arrangement of systematic
discussion of this final project is as follows:
Chapter I is an introduction that
contains the title of the study, background, problem formulation, barring
problems, hypotheses, research objectives, the benefits of research, as well as
the systematic writing.
Chapter II is a chapter which
contains the basic theory or literature review that underlie the idea of
planning a power plant hybrid wind and solar power, from previous studies
that support, understanding PLTH, PLTB & PLTS, the working principle of
thermal power station and solar power, the type of component used, as well as
the intentional power formula.
Chapter III is a chapter
containing the research methods to be used in research, including the time and
place of research, tools and materials used, research data, the research phase,
the research schedule, as well as research flowchart
CHAPTER IV chapter is a
discussion that contains the analysis of the potential of wind energy and solar
insolation in Cilacap, planning PLTH system using wind and solar power homer,
PLTH construction cost analysis and comparison of the results using the draft
PLTH 100 KW wind turbine 10 KW and 25 KW.
CHAPTER V is a concluding chapter
containing the research conclusions and suggestions.
CHAPTER
II
LITERATURE
REVIEW
II.1.
Accomplished studies
Several
studies have been completed or done before regarding PLTH particularly
concerning thermal power station and solar power are used as a reference by the
author to perform such research, among others are by Asep Widodo (2011),
entitled "Design and Design of Power Systems Wind-Diesel Hybrid SURYA
Housing Case Studies Eksodan Desa Kebumen Tanggulangin ". He uses diesel
power as the main generator for supplying bebean and add renewable energy
sources as wind and solar backup generator and also to charge the battery. He
uses the original load data by conducting surveys prior to Tanggulangin
village, Kebumen for some time so that real mendapatakan loading of data. For
the simulation, he use HOMER software. HOMER From the simulation results,
obtained for PV electricity production by 65 kWh, power production for wind
turbines at 23 kWh, while electricity production for diesel by 20 kWh.
Other
studies related to the study conducted by the writer Mohamad Dwi Laksono Samson
(2013) entitled "Technical Review and Economic Planning Bayu Power
Capacity 100 KW at the Turtle Bay Beach Cilacap". He conducted an analysis
of the economic comparison to thermal power station using two different turbine
capacity by assuming a constant load (flat). There are also other research
studies to be conducted by the author Rhezi Syahputra (2013) with the title
"Design of Solar Power System Capacity Stand Alone 900 WattPeakUntuk House
Live in Purwokerto. He performed with a design capacity of 900 wp solar power
for residential consumption using modules with a capacity of 48wp the number of
modules installed as many as 20 pieces. From the study of electrical energy
generated by 1,348 KWh / year, while the consumption load served a year of 795
kWh / year. This generation systems produce more energy unused as much as 317
kWh / year. The author will design a plant that combines wind energy and solar
energy as a source of energy power plants that will be packaged in a hybrid
power plant (PLTH) wind and solar power.
II.2.
Hybrid Power Plant (PLTH)
Hybrid
power plants (PLTH) is the union or integration between several types of
fuel-based power plants with renewable energy-based power plants. Generally
generating system is mostly done for PLTH is a diesel generator, solar power
plants (PLTS), micro-hydro, wind power plants (thermal power station). PLTH
concept that combines multiple sources of new and renewable energy is one
alternative solution in overcoming the fuel crisis. Given that combination
could address the fuel crisis and is expected to provide a continuous supply of
electrical power with optimum efficiency.
Hybrid
Power Plant which will be designed is PLTH using renewable energy as a source
of energy, namely wind generator and solar energy as a whole without the use
generators or diesel as a back up for the supply of electricity. But in
designing this PLTH bateray will be used to store electrical energy generated
by a thermal power station or solar power so that it can supply the load when
the generator is not in a state of production. In the research conducted by the
author uses the data that the estimate assumption load capacity of the energy
stored in the batteries will always be sufficient for load attached.
II.2.1
PLTB Sub System (Power Bayu / Wind)
Power
Bayu (PLTB) is a power generation technologies that change the potential of
wind energy into electrical energy. Wind is air moving / flowing, so has the
speed, strength and direction. The cause of this movement is the warming of the
earth by solar radiation. Air above the Earth's surface is heated by the sun
besides directly, also got heating by solar radiation the Earth is not
homogeneous, then the amount of solar energy that is absorbed and re-emitted by
the Earth by space and time are varied. This causes temperature differences in
the atmosphere, which cause differences in density and atmospheric pressure.
Air has the properties to always achieve equilibrium pressure, because the
difference in speed and atmospheric pressure this causes air to move from areas
of high pressure to areas of low pressure
.
Figure
2. Schematic 1 wind power plant
II.2.1.1.
Working Principle PLTB
Wind
power generation occurs on the basis of change in kinetic energy of the wind
before and after passing through wind turbines. When passing wind turbines,
wind experienced a reduction in kinetic energy (characterized by reduced wind
speed). Lost kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy rotating wind
turbine, wind turbine is connected to the rotor of the generator. The generator
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
II.2.1.2
Wind Energy
Wind
energy is basically the kinetic energy caused by wind speed. Wind energy is in
addition influenced by the wind speed is also affected by the density of the
air. The kinetic energy of the wind can be obtained using the following
equation.
E
= 1/2 V〗
〖m ^ 2 (2.1)
Where:
E = kinetic energy of the wind (Joule)
m
= Period of air (kg)
V
= wind speed (m / s)
The
wind speed at a certain height can be calculated based on the formula of
exponential speed wind shear profiles below.
V_h
= V_ref (h / h_ref) ^ α (2.2)
Where:
V_h = wind speed at any particular height (m / s)
V_ref
= wind speed measurement results early (m / s)
h
= altitude winds will be calculated (m)
h_ref
= height measurements were taken early (m)
α
= coefficient of friction profile (0,1)
Keep
in mind that the magnitude of the coefficient of friction profile (α) on the
measurement of wind speed is 0.1 to open areas such as beaches and pasture
areas, and then to an area that has lots of trees and buildings or residential
areas then the slide profile coefficient is 0, 3.
II.2.1.3
wind power
Wind
power is the power generated by wind energy. Wind power is also strongly
influenced by wind speed. The amount of wind power will be directly
proportional to air density and wind speed, whose value according to the
equation:
P
= 1/2 .ρ.V ^ 3 (2.3)
Where:
P = wind power (watt / m ^ 2)
ρ
= air density (1.225 kg / m ^ 3)
V
= wind speed (m / s)
II.2.1.4
Power Wind Turbine
The
maximum power capacity that can be produced by the wind turbines will be
strongly influenced by the cross-sectional area of the turbine blade (A),
wind speed (V), air density (ρ), and the rotor efficiency (η). Maximum wind
power that can be extracted by a wind turbine will be in accordance with the
following equation.
Pt
= 1/2 .ρ.A.V ^ 3 (2.4)
Where:
Pt = Maximum power turbine (Watt)
ρ
= air density (1.225 kg / m ^ 3)
A
= cross-sectional area of the turbine (m ^ 2)
V
= wind speed (m / s)
Turbine
cross-sectional area (A) is a broad sweep of the blade or the rotor of the wind
turbine. The value of this cross-sectional area can be calculated using the
equation usual area of a circle is:
A
= πr ^ 2 (2.5)
Where:
A = cross-sectional area of the turbine (m ^ 2)
π
= the constant pi (3.14)
r
= radius of the turbine rotor (m)
Of
the power equation written above the turbine can also be seen that the power
capacity of the wind power plants is evident from the corners of turbines used.
The greater the angle of the turbine is used, the greater the cross-sectional
area of the turbine, it will automatically affect the amount of power
capacity that is able to turn the turbine is converted into electrical energy
by a generator.
II.2.2
Sub System PLTS (Solar energy power plant)
Solar
Power Plant (SPP) is a power generation technology that converts photons from
the solar energy into electrical energy. This conversion is done on solar
panels composed of cells - photovoltaic cells. Cells - these cells is a layer -
a thin layer of silicon (Si) pure or other semiconductor materials are processed
in such a way that when the material is energized photons will excite the
electrons of the bonding atoms into electrons move freely and will eventually
issue a power voltage direct current (Farid Miharja.2011).
II.2.2.1
The solar cell (photovoltaic)
Photovoltaic
(PV) or solar cells is known as a device that converts solar radiation into
electrical energy, solar cells composed of two semiconductor layers with
different charges. The top layer of the solar cell is negatively charged while
the bottom layer of positively charged. Silicon is the most common
semiconductor material used for solar cells. When the light on the surface of
the solar cell, some of the photons of light absorbed by the semiconductor
atoms to release electrons from their atomic bonds to be freely moving
electrons. This transfer of electrons is what causes the electric current
(Quasching, 2005).
II.2.2.2
How it Works Photovoltaik System
Figure
2. 2 Occurrence Process Flow in Solar Cells (Rhezi, 2008)
N-type
semiconductor material having an electron concentration greater than the
concentration Hole. Meanwhile, the P-type semiconductor material having Hole
concentrations greater than the concentration of electrons. Light incident on
the photon energy neutral atoms in the semiconductor material will generate
electron pair - Hole. Electrons move to the n-type semiconductor, Hole-type
semiconductor P. moving electrons flowing through the electrode connecting wire
to the front towards the rear electrode and generate an electric current that lights.
At the rear electrode electrons can be reunited with the Hole, to form neutral
atoms will be back pecahdan Hole-electron pairs when exposed to light energy
which is next (Ahmad, 2008).
So
the solar cell is basically a large photodiode and is designed with reference
to symptoms such Photovoltaicsedemikian making it possible to generate very
large. A P type silicon surface layer is made thin so that sunlight can
penetrate directly reach Junction. Part C is given a ring-shaped layer of
nickel, as a positive output terminal under the P portion N types, which are
coated with nickel as well as the negative output terminal.
II.2.2.3
Solar Power and Efficiency
Before
knowing the instantaneous power is produced, we have to know the energy
received, where the energy is the result of multiplying the intensity of
radiation received by the extent of the equation (keith et al, 1978).
E
= IrxA (2.6)
Where
:
E
= The solar energy received (W)
Ir
= intensity of solar radiation (W / m2)
A
= surface area (m2)
As
for the amount of instantaneous power, which is the result of multiplying the
voltage and current generated by the solar cells, can be calculated with the
following formula:
P
= VXI (2.7)
Where
:
P
= Power (Watts)
V
= potential difference (volts)
I
= Current (ampere)
According
to Keith (1978), the efficiency of photovoltaic cells which occurs in an
perbandingandaya that can be generated by solar cells with input energy derived
from sunlight. Efficiency is used instantaneous efficiency in data retrieval.
ηsesaat
= P / (Ir x A) x 100% (2.8)
Where
:
-instantaneous
η = Efficiency (%)
P
= electrical power (watts)
Ir
= intensity of solar radiation (W / m2)
A
= area of the solar cell surface (m2)
II.3
Components PLTH
Hybrid
Power Generating System Configuration (PLTH) as shown above which includes some
of the main components is as follows.
II.3.1
Hybrid Power Conditioner
Hybrid
Power Conditioner (HPC) three phase-based DSP (Digital Signal Processing) is
designed to operate combine PV modules with sources external AC to increase
system capacity or to operate as a stand-alone unit (stand alone) using only PV
modules as energy sources.
HPC
can function both as a charger or inverter and intelligently ordered the
generator turns on (start) or stop (stop) on certain conditions.
In
the charging mode (charging), a system set up in accordance with the battery
voltage value predetermined by the user (user) and charging to the battery
manufacturer based procedures, it aims to maximize battery life.
Generators
will be charged optimally to achieve fuel efficiency and work efficiency. The
DSP-based HPC can operate several sources of AC in parallel to meet the peak
load.
Hybrid
Power Conditioner (HPC) is a control system which controls the entire flow of
energy in hybrid systems. HPC is composed of some major equipment that is
integrated into a control system that is reliable. Such equipment as follows
(Training Module Hybrid Solar Plant, Bayu and Diesel. PT LEN Industri).
Solar
charge controller
Power
Management Control Systems
Bi-Directional
Inverter
II.3.1.1.
Solar Charge Controller
Solar
charge controller is an electronic device that is used to set the direct
current to the battery charged and taken from the battery to the charge controller
regulate beban.Solar overcharging (excess charging - because the battery is
full) and an excess voltage of solar panels. Excess voltage and charging will
reduce the life baterai.Solar charge controller to apply technology Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) to regulate the function of battery charging and discharge
current from the battery to the load.
II.3.1.2
Power Management Control Systems
Power
Management Control System is a major part of the HPC that controls all work
processes on the system PLTH. So this part is always monitoring the magnitude
of the load, battery condition and PV-modules and ordered start- stop diesel.
This section also set up parallel work between the inverter generator and
adjust load sharing both.
It
functioned as the main purpose of the hybrid system, in which the load flow
will always be controlled from all three sources of energy. If the source of
the generator should operate then the burden borne by the generator is
optimized in position min 70% of its capacity in order to achieve efficiency
diesel fuel according SFC curve diesel- generator. All the energy flow here
will be monitored and controlled in order to reach the point system efficiency
in fuel consumption (Training Module Hybrid Solar Plant, Bayu and Diesel. PT
LEN Industri).
II.3.1.3
Bi-Directional Inverter
Bi-Directional
Inverter is part of HPC is a bidirectional inverter can change the DC voltage
into AC voltage or the reverse of the AC voltage to DC to charge the battery
system.
II.3.2.
Solar Array
Solar
Array is rangakaian of several photovoltaic modules to achieve the desired
voltage and power, during the day will produce electrical energy which is then
stored in batteries that can be used at any time. Storage process through
modulecharge control (PWM Solar Controller) that exist in the HPC unit, so that
the battery charging system will be controlled and optimum. This system is used
on the system is 240 volts dc nominal in order to reach optimum efisiensiyang.
II.3.3.
Wind Turbine
Wind Turbine is one of the renewable
energy that will merubahenergi kinetic (kinetic energy) into mechanical energy
in the form of round dandengan through an electric generator on its axis will
occur listrik.Keluaran energy from wind energy in the form of a dc voltage
whose value disesuaikandengan amount of voltage batteries installed. So in wind
energy inisudah includes control for the batteries, which are merubahtegangan
AC of the turbine generator output into a dc voltage battery charging voltage
magnitude sesuaidengan.
II.3.4.
Bank Baterry
Figure
2. 3 The general form of the accumulator
Hybrid
power plants (PLTH) generally use the battery. This is because the speed of
wind and solar insolation is not stable and not continuous so as to make the
generator is not able to produce a stable energy to always supply the load
requirement. The battery will store the energy produced by the generator before
it is piped to the load. If the energy produced by the generator excess, then
the power will be accommodated in a storage battery. Then when the generator
does not produce electrical energy, the electrical load will be supplied by the
energy stored in the battery. Battery power plants hybrid wind-solar and other
renewable energy generation more used to keep the plant more reliable in
supplying the load requirements.
II.3.5.
Tower
The
tower is a very important component in designing or building a power plant
based hybrid wind and solar power (PLTH). The higher the tower is used, the
greater the power of wind to be received by the wind turbine and the greater
the matahri insolation received by pv module, so that the energy will be
converted into electrical energy is also getting bigger. Due to the size of a
high tower and large, this component is an expensive component in the design of
PLTH in addition to the turbine, generator, battery and converter.
II.4
Solar-Wind PLTH Planning
In
planning a PLTH there are some important things to note. PLTH planning starts
from knowing the characteristics of wind speed and solar insolation at the site
planning. From the characteristics of wind and solar insolation can be used to
determine the components of the wind turbine and PV modules to be used in order
to work according to the characteristics of existing makasimal. In planning a
PLTH system also needs to take into account the load capacity of the converter
and the battery used.
II.4.1
load Planning
Determination
of the daily load demand is often referred to as the load profile (load
profile). Load profile is used to determine the daily load requirement
specification of the data as the data load on the power requirements of a
typical day. Examples of load profile graphs on one particular day shown in the
figure 2.4 below:
Figure
2. Example Grifik 4 load profiles in one day
(Ahmad
DP. 2013)
II.4.2
converter capacity planning
If
the converter used is a bi-directional converter that works as an inverter as
well as a rectifier. At the time of maximum output PLTH the converter should be
able to disburse the remaining energy into the battery supplying the load. At
the time PLTH not produce energy, the converter must be capable of supplying
the entire power load. The capacity of the converter can be calculated using
the following equation.
C_
(k) ≥ P_load (2.9)
Where:
C_k = converter capacity (kW)
P_load
= average power load (kW)
II.4.3
Planning battery capacity
To
ensure continuity of fulfillment load PLTH not produce energy when it is
necessary to use a battery as energy reserves PLTH. The number of batteries
used as an energy storage medium in PLTH influenced by the nominal capacity of
the battery, the energy must be supplied, DOD, autonomy and efficiency of the
battery itself. The amount of energy that must be supplied capacity battery can
be calculated using the following equation.
Q_tot
= (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η) (2.10)
Where:
Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)
E_h
= Number of daily total energy (kWh)
a
= autonomic desired day (day)
DOD
= deep discharge of the battery
V_s
= battery voltage (volts)
The
number of batteries required can be calculated using the following equation.
n
= Q_tot / (Q_bat) (2.11)
Where:
n = minimum number of batteries used
Q_tot
= total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)
Q_bat
= nominal battery capacity (kWh)
In
addition to the number of batteries, the planning needs to consider the DC
voltage to be used. As an input DC voltage converter must be in accordance with
the working voltage of the converter. To create the desired DC voltage as it is
necessary to make the battery serial configuration. The number of batteries in
series configuration can be calculated using the following equation.
N_s
= V_DC / V_nom (2.12)
Where
N_s = number of batteries in series
V_DC
= desired DC voltage (volts)
V_nom
= nominal battery voltage (volts)
In
practice, to make a large-capacity storage systems required batteries over a
serial arrangement. Depending on the capacity required by the system. The
composition of the battery series will be prepared in parallel with other
series arrangement to increase the total capacity of the battery in order to
meet the needs of large loads.
II.5
HOMER
HOMER
is an abbreviation of the hybrid optimization models for electric renewables,
one satutools developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
assist in the design of systems .. HOMERTM micropower- system helps simplify
system design in evaluating the plant off-grid and grid- connection to various
jenias applications.
A
micropower system is a power generation system and or heat, to supply electrical
energy to the load nearby. This kind of system can use various combinations of
electric energy and networked storage technology (grid- connection) or
independent (stand-alone) for reasons separate from the transmission network.
(Micropower System Modeling With HOMER, Tom Lambert).
II.
5.1 Performance HOMER
HOMER
perform three main tasks: simulation, optimization and analysis simulation
process sensitivitas.Dalam, HOMERTMmensimulasikan konfigurasimicroower-system
performance every hour throughout the year determine the technical feasibility
and life-cycle cost.
In
the process of optimization, systems HOMERTMmensimulasikan many different
configurations to find the one that meets the technical constraints on the
lowest life cycle cost.
In
the process of sensitivity analysis, HOMERTM do some optimization under the
assumption inputs for mengukurefek uncertainty or changes in the input models.
Optimization determines the optimal value of the variable in which the system
designer has control as combining components that make up the system and the
size or quantity of each. A sensitivity analysis to help assess the impact of
uncertainty or change outside the control variables such as average wind speed
or fuel prices in the future (micropower System Modeling With HOMER, Tom
Lambert).
Figure
2. Work Process 5 HOMERTM
(Source:
http://www.homerenergy.com/software.html)
Figure
2.10 illustrates the relationship between simulation, optimization and sensitivity analysis. Oval oval wrap
optimization simulations to show that single optimization consists of several
simulations. As well as, oval oval wrap sensitivity analysis optimization,
sensitivity analysis consists of several optimization
(http://www.homerenergy.com/software.html).
II.6.
Overview Aspects of Cost
II.6.1.Biaya
Life Cycle (Life Cycle Cost / LCC)
Lifecycle
costs of a system are all costs incurred by a system for life. In the solar
systems, life cycle costs (LCC) is determined by the present value of the total
cost of solar systems consisting of initial investment costs, long-term costs
for maintenance and operation as well as the cost of replacing the battery
(Foster et al, 2010). Life cycle costs (LCC) is determined by the following
formula:
LCC
= C + MPW + RPW (2.13)
Where
:
LCC
= Cost of the life cycle (Life Cycle Cost)
C
= cost of the initial investment (initial cost incurred to
the
purchase of components for solar installation costs and other costs such as
fees for shelf support.
MPW
= Cost begin now for the total cost of maintenance and
n
operations during the year or during the life of the project
RPW
= fee for the cost of replacing the present value to be
incurred
over the life of the project. An example is the cost for replacement batteries.
II.6.2
Energy Costs (Cost Of Energy / COE)
Energy
costs is the ratio between the total annual cost of the system with the energy
produced during the same period (Wengqiang et al., 2004). Seen from an economic
standpoint, the cost of solar power energy different from the energy costs for
conventional generation (Nafeh, 2009). This is because the cost of solar power
energy, influenced by costs such as:
The
initial cost (cost of capital) is high.
There
is no charge for fuel.
Maintenance
and operational costs low.
Low
replacement costs (mainly just for the battery).
II.6.3.Net
Present Cost (NPC)
The
economic value plays an important role in the simulation process HOMER, where
the natural process of the operation will look for system configuration with a
total net present cost (Net Present Cost / NPC), the lowest. Renewable energy
sources and non-renewable energy sources have characteristics different costs.
Renewable energy sources have high capital costs and low operating costs,
whereas conventional non-renewable energy sources have low capital costs and
high operating costs. In this optimization process will be taken into account
all costs including the cost of the life cycle costs of equipment and others
(Saleh Siswantoro 2010).
CHAPTER
IV
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
IV.1.
Potential wind and sun insolation
IV.1.1.
Wind Speed Data
The
data used was obtained from the Meteorological Agency, Klimatolgi and
Geophysics (BMKG) Cilacap is the wind speed data measured using the anemometer
at a height of 10 meters above the ground. Planning Power Bayu (PLTB) is
assumed to use a tower height of 30 meters, so as to determine the wind speed
at the height can be approached using the equation following wind speed shear
profile.
V_h
= V_ref (h / h_ref) ^ α
Where:
V_h = wind speed at any particular height (m / s)
V_ref
= wind speed measurement results early (m / s)
h
= altitude winds will be calculated (m)
h_ref
= height measurements were taken early (m)
α
= coefficient of friction profile (0,1)
The
coefficient of friction profile (α) is worth 0.1 because PLTB assumed to be in
the beach area which is an open area.
Here's
a conversion table the average wind speed per month in 2012 from a height of 10
meters (measurement) to 30 meters (tall tower turbine).
Based
on the above data, the average wind speed in Cilacap in 2012 to a height of 30
meters vary between 1.6 m / s to 3.7 m / s. The lowest average speed occurred
in January at 1.6 m / s and the highest average in July, reaching 3.7 m / s.
Here
is a graphic display of the average speed of wind per month in 2012 in Cilacap
in Cilacap BMKG.
Figure
4.1 above shows the potential of wind energy in Cilacap in 2012 based on
monthly average speed in meters per second (m / s). Blue chart for wind speeds
at a height of 10 meters while the red for the wind speed at a height of 30
meters.
Wind
characteristic data such as wind speed and duration in a year is needed to
determine the potential of wind energy in Cilacap. Wind speeds will be used to
determine wind power in Cilacap, while the energy produced can be analyzed by
summing all power to each wind speed that has been multiplied by the duration
of one year.
Based
on table 4.2 above known variations of wind speed at a height of 10 meters for
one year in Cilacap. Wind speed variations that occur based on data from BMKG
Cilacap is 0 to 21 knots. Because homer using wind velocity using velocity in
meters persekon the speed in knots is first converted into units of meters
persekon, where a value of 1 knot equals 0.514444444 m / s. To clarify the
characteristics of duration and wind speed in Cilacap in 2012, are shown in the
following chart.
Based
on table 4.2 above, the lowest speed is 0 m / s with a duration of 2409 hours /
year and the highest 12.06 m / s with a duration of 1 hour / year. Wind speed
data can be used as a basis in selecting the type of turbine that will be used.
The average velocity of wind in Cilacap is relatively low, so it takes the
turbine to the characteristics of the low cut-in order to exploit the potential
of existing wind. In order tuirbin not damaged when the maximum wind speed, the
turbine with the characteristics required cut-out above 12.639 m / s.
In
this study used turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW with a cut-in 3 m / s and the
cut-out does not exist. Also used Polaris 25 kW turbine cut-in value of 3.5 m /
s and the cut-out 17 m / s. Both wind turbines that are used have to meet the
requirements because it has a low cut-in and cut-out values above the maximum
speed in Cilacap.
IV.1.2.
Solar insolation data
Data
solar radiation (solar insollation) is very important in designing solar power
where the availability of solar energy in locations determine the predictive
calculation of electric energy production in a given period. For the final
project of this magnitude insolation sun obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology
and Solar Energy in software HOMER ie the input layout area purwokerto which
has latitude 7 ° 44 'S and longitude 109 ° 1' E and will in the data obtained
from insolation sun year / hours will be calculated by the software HOMER thus
obtained average solar insolation per month for one year. Figure 4.3 shows the
data display solar insolation values on a worksheet HOMER used as primary
data.
IV.2.
Energy Production PLTH (Wind-Solar) capacity of 100 kW
In
this discussion will be calculated the total energy that can be produced by a
PLTH (Wind-Solar) with an installed capacity of 100 kW with the distribution of
50:50 between the capacity of the wind (PLTB) and solar (PLTS) using turbines
BWC Excel-S 10 kW per unit with Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) per unit,
as well as Polaris turbine 25 kW per unit with Solar Module 250W with CE (S /
M-250) per unit. Calculation of electric energy production is done using an
approach by looking at the data characteristics of each wind turbine passage
and the PV modules are used.
IV.2.1.
Energy production using turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW with Solar Module 250W with
CE (S / M-250)
In
the estimate of the amount of energy that can be produced using PLTH capacity
of 100 kW wind turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S
/ M-250) is necessary to know in advance the output characteristics of the wind
turbine and PV modules. Here is the power output characteristic curve (power
curve) of the wind turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW according to the data in HOMER.
Based
on data from the output characteristics of the energy produced by the turbine
capable BWC Excel-S 10 kW above, it can be seen the power output for each of
the average speed per hour in Cilacap to determine the total energy produced.
Below is a table of the characteristics of energy output for wind speed
variation during the year 2012 in Cilacap as follows.
Based
on table 4.3 above, the power generated by wind turbines of type BWC Excel-S 10
kW increases with wind velocity acting on the turbine. To see more clearly its
characteristics, it is shown a graph of output power turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW
as follows.
The
amount of electrical energy that can be produced by a turbine unit BWC Excel-S
10 kW in one year amounted to 1,981,359 Wh. If the planned thermal power
station with a capacity of 50 kW or use 10 turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, then the
total energy that can be produced by the thermal power station is obtained by
multiplying the amount of energy per unit multiplied by the number of turbines
used.
The
total energy = energy turbine X 1 Number of turbines
=
1,981,359 Wh / yr x 5
=
9906.7 kWh / yr
Based
on the calculations, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced
thermal power station installed capacity of 50 kW using 5 pieces of wind
turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW is 9906.7 kWh in 2012.
While
the potential of solar power / solar can be obtained using the following
equation:
P_array
= E_T / insolation x adjustment factor
Where
P_array
= PV array capacity required (Wp)
E_T
= total energy of the system as required (Wh)
Insolation
= average insolation per month (kWh / m ^ 2 / day)
From
the above equation can be modified to determine the total energy of the system
that are not required (Wh) of solar systems that will be designed so that
rumusanya be as follows:
E_T
= (P_array x insolation) / (adjustment factor)
So
that the total amount of energy in getting the system that are not required by
the PV installed capacity of 50 kWp as follows:
E_T
= (P_array x insolation) / (adjustment factor)
E_T
= (50,000 x 4.66) / 1.1
=
211,818.18 Wh / day
=
211,818.18 Wh x 365 days
=
77,313,635.7 Wh / year
=
77313.6 kWh / year
Insolation
data used in the above equation is the average monthly insolation of data
within one year obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy at the
HOMER software. Based on the above calculation, the amount of electrical energy
that can be produced by solar power installed capacity of 50 kW using Solar
Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is 211,818.18 Wh / day or equal to 77.3136 kWh
/ year.
So
the total energy production from the PLTH using 5 pieces of wind turbine types
BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) is as follows:
E_
(total) = E_ (PLTB) + E_ (PLTS)
=
9906.7 kWh + 77.3136 kWh
=
87220.3 kWh / year
IV.2.2.
Energy production using Polaris turbines 25kW with Solar Module 250W with CE (S
/ M-250)
As
well as on the use of Turbi BWC Excel-S 10 kW, 25 kW turbine Polaris is also
necessary to know in advance the output characteristics of the wind turbine and
PV modules. Here are the characteristics of the output power of 25 kW turbine
Polaris.
Based
on the characteristic curve of electrical energy generated by the turbine is
capable of 25 kW of the Polaris type, capable of calculating the energy
generated by a thermal power station with a capacity of 50 kW using 2 Polaris
25 kW turbines. Here are the results of calculations of energy for each
turbine.
According
to the table 4.4 on Polaris turbine energy output above 25 kW, the energy can
be produced by a wind turbine types Polaris 25 kW at an altitude of 30 meters
when applied in the Turtle Bay area of Cilacap is about wh 19.08412 million
per year. To see the characteristics of the output power of 25 kW turbine
Polaris, the Polaris turbine energy output according to the table it was
brought into the following chart.
If
the thermal power station which was built with a capacity of 50 kW installed
uses 2 types of Polaris 25 kW turbine, then the total energy that can be
produced by the thermal power station is as follows.
The
total energy = energy turbine X 1 Number of turbines = 19.08412 million wh / yr
X 2 = 38168.2 kWh / yr
Based
on the calculations, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced
thermal power station installed capacity of 50 kW wind turbine uses 2 types of
Polaris 25 kW was 38168.2 kWh / yr in 2012.
Furthermore,
to obtain the amount of production of solar power installed capacity of 50 kW
will use a PV module similar to that used in the turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW, so
the total energy produced by solar power installed capacity of 50 kW using
Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M -250) is 77.3136 kWh / year.
So
the total energy production from the PLTH uses 2 types of Polaris 25 kW
turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is as follows:
E_
(total) = E_ (PLTB) + E_ (PLTS) = 38168.2 kWh + 77.3136 kWh = 115,481.6 kWh /
year
IV.3.
Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE
250W Solar Module (S / M-250)
IV.3.1.
Imposition Planning
In
the planning for PLTH solar wind loading capacity of 100 kW uses the assumption
that the value derived from the average daily energy which is assumed to
approach the real load profiles daily. So to obtain the average energy per day
are as follows:
E_h
= E_total / 365
=
(87220.3 kWh) / 365 = 238.9 kWh / day
However,
in an estate of his, as a source of energy, namely wind turbines and modules pv
connected to the converter and the battery which each of these components memp
/ unyai efficiency value which resulted in the energy losses so that the data
load to be assumed to be reduced by energy losses so that it will approach the
calculation of the actual state of the PLTH system. From the specification of
the data used for the converter and the battery in the planning PLTH this time
has a value losses of 3% to 14% for the converter and the battery. Following
the calculation of its energy losses:
E_losses
= losses losses converter + battery
E_losses
= 3% x 14% x E_h + E_h
E_losses
= 3% + 14% x 238.9 x 238.9
E_losses
= 7.17 + 33.44
E_losses
= 40.61 kWh / day
Furthermore,
from the results above we can calculate the average daily load as follows:
E_load
= E_h - E_losses
E_load
= 238.9 kWh / day- 40.61 kWh / day
E_load
= 198.29 kWh / day
Then
the average daily load will be entered into Homer as load profile PLTH system
to be designed. Here the authors intend to share the burden of the daily
average calculated above into the data load per hour so that it can be
processed into a homer. For the determination of the characteristics of the
load will be determined by approaching the load profile for use in home stay as
assumptions Herein is the area of residence gulf coast turtle Cilacap, namely
the determination of peak load and base load calculations using the data daily
average mentioned above , Here is the calculation of peak load and base load
profiles for input load on PLTH:
LF
= P_AV / P_Peak
P_AV
= E_load / (24 hour)
P_AV
= (198.29 kWh) / (24 hour)
P_AV
= 8.2 kW
P_Peak
= P_AV / LF
P_Peak
= (8.2 kW) / 0.6
P_Peak
= 13.7 kW
Where
:
P_Peak
= Peak load to be entered into a homer (kW)
P_AV
= average load per day (kW)
LF
= Load Factor / load factor for residential load profile (0.6)
Nantinyya
peak load above will be entered into the homer to load profiles from 17:00 till
22:00 hours or in other words for 5 hours. So it can be calculated the total
energy at peak load in one day is 13.7 kW x 5 hours = 68.5 kWh.
Based
on the results above the peak load can be calculated also load essentially by
the following equation:
P_base
= (E_load- E_Peak) / (Base hour)
P_base
= (198.29 kWh- 68.5 kWh) / (19 hour)
P_base
= = (129.8 kWh) / (19 hour)
P_base
= 6.83 kW
Where
:
P_base
= base load to be entered into a homer (kW)
E_load
= total daily load energy (kWh)
E_Peak
= total peak load day (kWh)
Base
hour = amount of time to input the base load in a day (hour)
So
for input load profile on the homer is the peak load of 13.7 kW to 17.00 until
22.00 hours or over 5 hours and a basic load of 6.83 kW for the rest of the
hour in addition to the peak load that is other than 17.00 until 22.00 or for
19 hours in a day.
IV.3.2.
The converter design
The
converter is in khamr is a component that is able to work as an inverter and
rectifier. Inverters are expected in this system is capable of changing the
electrical inverter direct current (DC) from the battery electricity storage
into alternating current (AC) as required by the load capacity. While rectifier
expected at this PLTH should be able to distribute the power output of the
turbine which has been used to directly supply the load is stored in the
battery. So of theories that have been used as a basis, the authors use the
following equation:
C_
(k) ≥ P_load
Where
:
C_
(k) = Capacity Converter (kW)
P_load
= average load power (kW)
From
the above equation writer wants a reliable converter which can supply the load
if the main energy source, namely the turbine and PV modules do not produce
because of various factors so as to supply the load will be charged entirely by
batteries that will be converted from DC to AC load load. So the converter as
above-setting system will not suffer when the load is not well supplied during
the battery still has sufficient energy to supply the load even if the primary
energy source does not produce electrical energy. As for the magnitude of these
converters on the type PLTH that uses wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and Solar
Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is equal burden imposed and has been calculated
in the previous discussion that is greater than 198, 29 kWh. In planning Homer
authors use a converter with a capacity of 200 kWh.
IV.3.3.
Planning Batteries
The
batteries used are assumed to be a battery Hoppecke 20 OPZS 2500 with the
following characteristics.
Table
4. Characteristics 5 Battery
Description
Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500
Abbreviation
H2500
Manufacturer
Hoppecke
Nominal
capacity 2500 Ah
Nominal
voltage 2 V
Round
trip efficiency 86%
Min.
State of charge 30%
Float
life 20 yrs
Max.
Charge rate of 1 A / Ah
Max.
Charge current 508 A
Lifetime
throughput 8523 kWh
Suggested
value of 8510 kWh
The
battery used has a bus voltage of 2 volts and a capacity of 2500 Ah. The amount
of battery capacity that is used for these systems can be calculated using the
following equation. Q_tot = (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η)
=
(238.9 kWh x 3) / (2 x 0.7 x 0.86)
=
595,265.7 Ah Where: Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh) E_h =
Number of daily total energy (kWh)
a
= autonomic desired day (day)
DOD
= deep discharge of the battery V_s = battery voltage (volts)
From
the above equation is found autonomday for 3 days. This means that when a full
battery condition, the battery can supply the load requirement for 3 days even
though there was no wind or solar insolation at all. Then the amount of DOD is
determined by (1 - minimum state of charge), where the value of the minimum
state of charge of the battery Hoppecke is 30% so the DOD be 1-30%, or by 70%.
To determine the number of batteries that can be used the following equation:
n
= Q_tot / (Q_bat)
n
= (595,265.7 Ah) / 2500
n
= 238.1
n
= 239
Based
on the above calculation, the minimum amount of batteries that must be provided
in the draft PLTH is 239 batteries. Converter which is assumed to use a working
voltage of 220 volts, so that the battery needs to be done in a serial
configuration so that the DC bus voltage to 220 Vdc.
N_s
= V_dc / V_bat
N_s
= 220/2
N_s
= 110 Where: N_s = number of batteries in a series V_dc = desired DC bus
voltage (volts) V_bat = nominal battery voltage (volts)
Based
on the above calculation, can specify the number of strings to PLTH this is as
much as three strings, so the number of batteries to be used are as many as 330
pieces of batteries necessary for the appropriate calculation is minimal
battery 239.
IV.3.4.
Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE
250W Solar Module (S / M-250) on HOMER
Planning
PLTH be simulated in software homer to see whether the plan might be to run. It
is also to look at some other parameters such as total energy produced, capital
cost PLTH development and so forth. Here is the sequence of simulation PLTH use
softaware homer. Components provision PLTH
The
first step in order to simulate PLTH planning is to select the components
needed by selecting items add / remove then a check mark (v) on the components
that will be input to the simulation of Homer.
For
inputting PLTH component will be selected using this homer Primary components of
Load 1, Wind Turbine 1, PV 1, Converter and Battery 1. System PLTH be made PLTH
assumed a stand alone system, it is planning to use homer selected "Do not
model of the grid" as seen in the picture above inputting stage. Wind
turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW
Furthermore,
the authors will choose a wind turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW wind turbine which is
made by the manufacturer BWC Excel-S 10 kW. This turbine is a turbine with a
capacity of 10 kW AC as shown in the above image display. Selection of this
wind turbine cut-in value due to lower turbine (2.5 m / s) so that it can
produce energy even if the wind speed is low.
Enter
information in the price and number of turbines are used, carried out by
menginputkannya in the table Cost and Size columns to Consider available on the
display homer. Wind turbine price given is USD 52 196. This price is the price
of a set of wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW BWC Excel models with a capacity of
10 kW and 10/60-type monopole tower with a height of 30 meters (100 ft). This
price is based on the list price of components provided by BWC Excel-S 10 kW,
where the price of the turbine type is USD 31 770 and monopole tower 30 meters
high was USD 20 426.
In
addition to wind turbines capital, there are also Replacement and O & M
(operation and maintenance). Provision of information is done so that the cost
can homer perform cost calculations so as to provide detailed information on
the costs PLTH we design. Operation and maintenance of wind turbines assumed
USD 1,565 or about ± 3% in a year.
Then
towards the column labeled size to Consider. This column is a column that
contains the number of wind turbines that may be applied in PLTH system.
Because of this PLTH assumed for thermal power station and solar power are
inversely 50: 50 for the installed capacity of this turbine, Size to Consider
to be fed 5 so that the installed turbine capacity is 50 kW turbines use 5 BWC
Excel-S 10 kW.
In
planning these wind turbines also need to enter information lifetime / lifetime
of the wind turbine and hub height / height of the tower is used. Lifetime of
the turbine is 35 years old, this is in accordance with the information
received that this turbine has a lifetime of up to 35 years. Then the tower
height is 30 meters are used, this is the height of the pivot point of the wind
turbine to the ground. The height of the wind turbines will affect the wind
acting on the turbine and the electrical energy produced. Here are the
specifications of the turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW:
Specifications
Table 4. 6 wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW
AWEA
Rated Power 8.9 kW at 11 m / s (24.6 mph)
AWEA
Rated Sound Level 42.9 dB (A)
AWEA
Rated Annual Energy 13,800 kWh at 5 m / s (11 mph)
Start-up
wind speed of 3.4 m / s
Cut-in
wind speed of 2.5 m / s
Nominal
Power 10 kW
Cut-Out
Wind Speed -
Furling
Wind Speed 15.6 m / s (35 mph)
Max.
Design Wind Speed 60 m / s (134 mph)
Type
3 Blade Upwind
Rotor
Diameter 7 m (23 ft)
Blade
Pitch Control None, Fixed Pitch
Overspeed
Protection Autofurl
Gearbox
None, Direct Drive
Temperature
Range - 40 to + 60 Celsius
Permanent
Magnet Generator Alternator
Output
Form 3 Phase AC
Variable
Frequency 240 VAC, 1o, 60 Hz or 220 VAC, 1o, 50 Hz with Powersnyc II inverter
Produce
16000-20000 kWh / yr with 12 mph avg. Wind speed
Price
$ 52,196 (tower 30 m hub height) Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
Selection
of the type of module on Homer software is by selecting the PV component on
items add / remove. Here is a view in the selection pv modules in Homer:
Pv
to input some of the characteristics indicated on the display above Homer we
need to know the specification of PV modules that will be used, namely Solar
Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). With a price range of US $ 0.5-0.8 / watt,
then due to solar power installed capacity is 50 kWp, the calculation of the
total is US $ 40,000 for a capacity of 50 kWp. As for the Operating and
Maintenance is assumed at 3% of the nominal price of the module in order to
obtain O & M cost of US $ 53. Here are the specifications of Solar Module
250W with CE (S / M-250):
Table
4. 7 Specifications Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
Module
Type S / M-250
Maximum
Power at ST (Pmax) 250Wp
Maximum
Power Voltage (Vmp) 30.8v
Maximum
Power Current (Imp) 8.11A
Open
Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.2V
Short
Circuit Current (Isc) 8.7A
Cell
Efficiency (%) 17.8%
Module
Efficiency (%) 17.1%
Operating
TemperatureºC -40ºCto + 85ºC
Maximum
system voltage 1000V (IEC) DC
Maximum
series fuse rating 15A
Power
tolerance -0.03
Temperature
coefficients of Pmax -0.45% / ºC
Voc
Temperature coefficients of -0.27% / ºC
Temperature
coefficients of Isc of 0.05% / ºC
Weight
(kg) 20.5
Number
of Cell (pcs) 6 * 10
Dimensions
(mm) 1650 * 992 * 45 200 kW Converter
In
planning the converter will be used to PLTH converters with a capacity of 240
kWh. According to previous research by Abi Taufiq (2013) and data Bunaken
Marine Corps (2010), the price of the converter is USD 645 / kW. For the converter
capacity of 240 kW, the price is USD 154 800. Lifetime of the converter is
assumed 15 years with efficiency for the inverter input rectifier is 98% and is
96%.
The
battery used is a battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah. In theory, this battery
will be able to supply the load with a maximum current of 125 Amperes for 20
hours. But in fact will greatly influenced the efficiency of the battery
itself.
According
to the data sheet of batteries Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 is estimated prices range
from £ 794.63 but because preformance Homer the currency used is the US dollar
(US $), the price of the battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 in units of pounds are
converted into units of US dollars, so the price equivalent to US $ 1,300 due
to 1 pound is equal to 1,635 US dollars.
Batteries
per string corresponding calculation designed to bus voltage of 220 volts
corresponding input so that batteries per string inverter were 110 for nominal
voltage of 2 volts battery. While the size to Consider a number of string
arrangement is provided in order to be able to calculate the homer system
combinations are possible. At this time the plan is provided from 1 to 3 serial
battery due to the needs of the battery according to calculations reached 239
batteries. Imposition PLTH
PLTH
load planning system is based on the assumption derived from the average daily
energy that has been taken into account in it losses its energy. Then to
determine the input profile to homer on the assumption determination of peak
load and base load calculations using load factor (load factor) of 0.6 (for the
load profile residential / residential) is the input peak at 17.00 to 22.00 ,
besides at that time are inputted base load that has been previously
calculated. The following planning software loading on Homer:
To
run a simulation PLTH homer need to enter data on wind speed. Such data can be
inputted manually or imported from a data series. Wind speed data that is
imported on a homer wind speed data in Cilacap in 2012 from BMKG Cilacap. Wind
speed data is made in the order of an hour in the form of a notepad. The data
will be used as a sequence of hourly wind speeds for a year, which means there
are 8760 hours of data series. The wind speed data is measured wind speed data
using annemometer with a height of 10 meters. Here is the wind speed input data
to the homer.
The
importation of data on the actual homer software are data on average hourly
wind speed during 2012, but the homer can calculate and display the data into
the monthly average for the year. Constraint
On
this item we can arrange some coercion against the system that we simulate.
Here is a display item constraint on Homer:
Figure
4. 16 Views constraint on Homer
In
this constraint variable set value annual maximum cutting capacity by 5%. This
shows that in one year occurred deduction is allowed a maximum load capacity of
5% of the total load.
IV.3.5.
Simulation results MHP with turbine BWC Excel-R 10kW
The
simulation results of a homer in accordance with the calculation in planning
PLTH which has been calculated previously because it can be seen that found the
number of wind turbines is 5 pieces, as many as 220 pieces of batteries,
converter capacity of 40 kW. Homer simulation results can also be from several
sides as follows: Cost Summary
Homer
software contained in the details of the cost of the plan was designed. Here
are the details view PLTH planning costs are:
From
the picture we can see a summary of the cost, so can we describe the details of
the fee as follows:
From
table 4.8 above it can be seen that for the PLTH planning requires an initial
capital of US $ 612.780. Then to the cost of replacement parts that have been
damaged can not be used or is of US $ 99.942, while the cost of operation and
maintenance of components amounted to US $ 223.428. Furthermore, within the
process of this PLTH project is for 25 years, will be found the components that
still have the resale price. Homer has calculated all of US $ 58.151. So based
on the calculation of the amount of each of the sub-section can be calculated
the total amount of this PLTH planning costs amounted to US $ 877.999. Cash
Flow
There
homer in software tools that can display details of the flow of charge by
showing information such as usage charges made against PLTH during the project.
From
the picture above we can see that the nominal capital / capital occurred in the
year 0 as the first step in planning PLTH. Operation and maintenance occurs
every year during this PLTH undertake production activities. Substitution of
components occurred in the year to 15 for the converter and the 20th year for
battery. As for the resale price of used components seen at 25 or at the end of
the production Masaa PLTH this project.
Electrical
Homer
in the simulation there is also a tool that displays the results of electricity
or electrical. Here's how it looks:
In
the simulation results of electricity over some information can be described as
follows:
Table
4. 9 Details of the simulation results PLTH electricity using turbines BWC Excel-S
10 kW
Quantity
kWh / yr%
Pv
array production 73 315 86
Wind
turbine production 11 458 14
AC
primary load consumption 71 074 100
Excess
electricity 7.67 6503
Unmet
electricity load 831 1.16
Capacity
shortage 3.76 2704
Production
is large total energy production by PV modules with an installed capacity of 50
kWp and also turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW of 5 pieces. Stated that the total
production of energy by the second energy source in the simulation homer
amounted to 84 774 kWh / year. While the calculations have been done earlier,
the total amount of energy that can be produced by pv modules with an installed
capacity of 50 kWp and also turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW of 5 pieces amounted to
87220.3 kWh / year. To determine the percentage error of the data may be
subject to the following calculation:
%
Error = (87220.3 to 84,774) /87.220,3 x 100% = 2446.3 / 87220.3 x 100% = 0,028
x 100% = 2.8%
From
the calculation above it can be concluded that the plan has a fairly good
approximation to the simulation calculation results in carrying homer so that
planning can be used as a reference in the simulation process because the data
and the results are valid.
Consumption
shows the amount of total energy consumption in PLTH for one year. PLTH energy
consumption in the form of AC loads only primary (primary AC load). The
magnitude of this value depends on the input daily load and capacity shortage
at the time of planning.
Excess
electricity shows the amount of excess electrical energy on PLTH for a year.
The electrical energy generated is used to supply the load and the rest of the
energy will be stored in the battery, when the battery is in full condition,
there will be excess electricity. To reduce the amount of excess electricity
can be done by increasing the electrical load and increase battery kapasitsas,
but this will affect the capital of PLTH.
Unmet
electric load shows the total electrical load which can not be fulfilled by
PLTH within one year. The value is also affected by the amount of loading and
capacity of the battery used. The greater the load the greater the unmet
electric load for the same battery capacity. The magnitude of this value is 831
kWh / yr or 1.16% of the total load.
Capacity
shortage shows the magnitude of the cutting load capacity for one year. The
magnitude of this value depends on the magnitude of the maximum load capacity
cuts assumptions on variable when planning constraints. The magnitude of this
value is 2704 kWh / yr or 3.76% of the total load.
Renewable
fraction indicates the value of the renewable fraction. The value is usually
determined by the homer. At this time the system of values is 1 Turbine
renewable fraction BWC Excel-S
In
the simulation homer there are also tools that display simulation for turbine
parts BWC Excel-S, the following zoom in homer:
Based
on the simulation results for the turbine BWC Excel-S above can be described
the following information:
Table
4. Results of the simulation with turbine 10 BWC Excel-S
Quantity
Value Units
The
total rated capacity of 50 kW
Mean
output of 1.3 kW
Capacity
factor of 2.62%
Total
production 11 458 kWh / yr
The
minimum output of 0 kW
Maximum
output of 40.1 kW
Wind
penetration 15.9%
Hours
of operation 5645 hr / yr
Levelized
cost of $ 2.42 / kWh
Total
rated capacity is the total capacity of the entire turbine BWC Excel-S. Every
single unit of the turbine has a nominal capacity of 10 kW so to 5 turbine in
this system will have a total capacity of 50 kW on average.
Mean
output shows the average output of all power plants (wind turbines) in one
year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 1.3 kW. This
value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the
data source has an average wind speed is small and there are many hours no wind
at all so that the turbines can not produce electricity.
Capacity
factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of the
turbine BWC Excel-S. Because the average output of the turbine BWC Excel-S is
1.3 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the capacity factor of the system
is approximately 2.62%. The higher the value, the more good capacity factor of
the PLTH system and the energy generated is also greater.
Total
production on the simulation result shows the total production of energy
generated by wind turbines BWC Excel-S for one year. The amount of electrical
energy production for one year this system is 11 458 kWh / year.
Minimum
output on the results of this simulation shows the smallest amount of power
output during the year by BWC Excel-S turbine. The minimum value output
occurred at the lowest wind speeds, ie when the wind speed of 0 m / s (no wind)
so that the minimum value of the output is also 0 kW.
Maximum
output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power
output of the turbine BWC Excel-S. This occurs when the value of the highest
wind speed work rotating wind turbines. Of the wind speed data is used, the
highest wind speeds in 2012 was 12.64 m / s for an hour. By the time the wind
speed 12.64 m / s this is the case the maximum output value of 40.1 kW.
Wind
penetration percentages show the amount of penetration of wind turbine BWC
Excel-S. This value is derived from the average energy produced by wind
turbines during the year divided by the average load PLTH served for a year. On
this result the value of wind penetration is 15.9%.
Hours
of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical
energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at BWC Excel-S turbine is
5645 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate electricity
for 5645 hours. This value indicates the duration of the winds that may work
rotating wind turbines.
Levelized
cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by
the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more
profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH which uses a
turbine unit 5 BWC Excel-S, the amount COE is $ 2.42 / kWh. This value is quite
large because energy prices are still expensive. PV Module 250W with CE (S /
M-250) Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
In
the simulation homer there are also tools that display the simulation to parts
namely Module 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), zoom in homer following:
Based
on the simulation results for the turbine BWC Excel-S above can be described
the following information:
Table
4. 11 The simulation results with 250W PV Module CE (S / M-250)
Quantity
Value Units
The
total rated capacity of 50 kW
Mean
output of 8.4 kW
Capacity
factor of 16.7%
Total
production 73 315 kWh / yr
The
minimum output of 0 kW
Maximum
output of 50.1 kW
PV
penetration 85.8%
Hours
of operation 4,431 hr / yr
Levelized
cost of $ 0.0434 / kWh
Total
rated capacity is the total capacity of all PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250).
Every single unit module has a nominal capacity of 250 W so that the required
modules as many as 200 pieces to achieve an average total capacity of 50 kW
peak.
Mean
output shows the average output of all generating units (PV modules) in one
year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 8.4 kW. This
value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the
solar insolation data sources has an average intensity of radiation is small
and the rising sun that are limited during the day until late afternoon so that
PV modules can not produce electrical energy.
Capacity
factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of 250W
pv module with CE (S / M-250). Because the average output of 250W pv module
with CE (S / M-250) is a 8.4 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the
capacity factor of the system is approximately 16.7%. The higher the value, the
more good capacity factor of the PLTH system and the energy generated is also
greater.
Total
production on the simulation result shows the total production of the energy
produced by the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) for one year. The amount of
electrical energy production for one year this system is 73 315 kWh / year.
Minimum
output on the results of this simulation show the amount of power output during
the year by the smallest 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). The minimum value
of the output occurs when the smallest solar insolation, which is when the
intensity of the sun is 0 (no sun) so that the minimum value of the output is
also 0 kW.
Maximum
output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power
output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). This occurs when the value of the
largest solar insolation work on pv modules. Solar insolation data is used, the
largest solar insolation is 5.190 kWh / m / d in September. At this moment
occurs the maximum output value is 50.1 kW.
Wind
penetration percentages show the amount of solar radiation penetration in the
PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). This value is derived from the average
energy produced PV modules during the year divided by the average load PLTH
served for a year. On this result the value of wind penetration is 85.8%.
Hours
of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical
energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at 250W pv module with CE (S
/ M-250) is 4,431 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate
electricity for 4,431 hours.
Levelized
cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by
the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more
profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH who use 200
units 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), the magnitude of COE is $ 0.0434 /
kWh. Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah
Here
are the results of a simulation for battery components that use type battery
Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500:
Based
on the above picture we can describe some of the information to the results of
the simulation result which uses battery type battery Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500 as
follows:
Table
4. 12 The simulation results on PLTH battery with turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW
Quantity
Value Units
String
size 110 Unit
strings
in parallel 2
Batteries
220 Unit
Bus
voltage of 220 Volt
Nominal
capacity of 1,100 kWh
Usable
770 kWh nominal capacity
Autonomy
79 Hr
Lifetime
throughput 1.87506 million kWh
Battery
wear cost of $ 0.164 / kWh
Average
energy cost of $ 0000 / kWh
Energy
in 50 504 kWh / yr
Energy
out 44 281 kWh / yr
Storage
depletion 770 kWh / yr
Losses
5453 kWh / yr
Annual
throughput of 47 749 kWh / yr
Expected
life 20 Yr
String
size indicates the size / number of batteries in one serial. Size string value
of this system is 110, which means there are 110 battery in the battery serial.
Strings
in parallel shows the serial number contained in the parallel arrangement of
the battery. This value is 2, which means there are 2 serial arrangement in
parallel batreai.
Bateries
shows the total battery used by PLTH. Bateries value on the simulation result
is 220, which means there are 220 batteries used in PLTH. This value is a
multiplication of the value of the string size with strings in parallel (110 x
2 = 220).
Bus
voltage is the magnitude of the DC bus voltage caused by battery configurations
are made. The magnitude of the bus voltage is proportional to the value of the
nominal battery voltage multiplied by the number of batteries per string. In
the simulation results PLTH system's DC bus voltage is 220 volts, this value is
comparable to 110 x 2 volts.
Nominal
capacity is the value of the nominal capacity of the battery. This value is
comparable to the number of times the battery capacity of the battery. At this
project is 220 multiplied by 5 kWh battery so that the nominal capacity is
1,100 kWh.
Usable
capacity is nominal rated capacity that can be used to supply the load. Due to
the characteristics of the battery has a minimum state of charge is 30%, then
the usable capacity is 70% of its nominal capacity. (0.7 x 550 kWh = 385 kWh).
Autonomy
indicates how long the battery can supply the load until the maximum limit.
Autonomy is the ratio of the size of the battery bank compared with the average
electrical load. On the results of this simulation value adalalah 79 hour
autonomy.
Lifetime
show the overall throughput of energy that can circulate in a battery before the
battery is experiencing change, regardless of the depth of the circular energy
per unit of battery. On the results of this simulation, the throughput is the
lifetime value of 1.875.06 kWh.
Battery
wear costs shows the cost of battery consumption in the system. These are costs
that occur circular energy in batteries. In the simulation results with a
homer, wear batery value of this cost is $ 0.164 / kWh.
Energy
in show the amount of energy that goes into the battery. This energy comes from
the rest of the energy produced by the wind turbine and PV modules are not used
directly to meet the needs of the load. The amount of energy in the results of
this simulation is 50 504 kWh / yr.
Energy
outs show the amount of energy released from the battery to supply the load.
This condition occurs when the turbine and PV modules do not generate
electricity, then the battery will issue its energy savings to meet the load
requirements. The amount of energy out on the results of this simulation is
8,323 kWh / yr.
Storage
depletion or running out of storage shows the amount of energy that is not well
supplied by a battery for one year because of insufficient battery energy
reserves. When the turbine is not producing energy and energy savings in
battery is not enough to serve the load then there was a depletion of storage.
Value storage depletion on the results of this simulation is 770 kWh / yr.
Losses
show the amount of energy loss that occurs in the battery for one year. The
larger the value, the more losses this energy storage system is not good.
Losses in the value of this battery is 5453 kWh / yr.
Annual
throughput indicates the amount of energy that circulated for a year in the
cycle of the battery. The magnitude of this value on the results of this
simulation is 47 749 kWh / yr. Converter
The
following display simulation results in the converter section homer:
From
the above image information obtained as follows:
Table
4. 13 The simulation results on PLTH converters with turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW
Quantity
Inverter Rectifier Units
Capacity
of 40 to 40 kW
Mean
output of 0.1 kW 7.0
Minimum
Output 0 0 kW
Maximum
output of 24.5 to 32.5 kW
Capacity
factor 17.4 0.4%
Hours
of operation 336 8,315 hrs / yr
Energy
in 1346 62 310 kWh / yr
Energy
61 064 out of 1292 kWh / yr
Losses
1,246 54 kWh / yr
Capacity
shows the nominal capacity of the converter contained in the system. The
nominal capacity of the inverter and the rectifier are both 40 kW. Mean average
output shows the energy expended by the converter. Mean inverter output is 7.0
kW and 0.1 kW rectifier also.
Minimum
output an output value in the smallest energy converter. The minimum value for
the output is 0 kW inverter and the rectifier is 0 kW. Both of these values
occur when the component is not working. Maximum output is the maximum output
value ever experienced by the converter. Maximum output of the inverter is 24.5
kW while the rectifier is 32.5 kW. Conditions on the inverter maximum output
indicates when the wind turbines did not generate electrical energy and meet
the needs of the load carried by the battery, while the maximum output of the
rectifier condition occurs when the wind turbine produces the maximum residual
energy will be stored in the battery.
Capacity
factor indicates the ratio of the loading capacity experienced by the converter.
This value is the ratio of the mean output capacity. In the simulation results,
value for converter capacity factor is 17.4% to 0.4% for the inverter and
rectifier.
Hours
of operation shows the duration of the operation of the converter. On the duration
of the simulation results of operation of the inverter is 8,315 hour / yr while
the rectifier is the 336 hour / yr. This shows that the inverter is more
frequent than rectifier work within a year.
Energy
in total energy intake showed the converter for one year. The amount of energy
in is 62 310 kWh / yr for the inverter and 1,346 kWh / yr for the rectifier.
Energy out is that out of the total energy converter. The amount of energy out
is 61 064 kWh / yr for the inverter and 1,292 kWh / yr for the rectifier.
Losses
shows the power losses that occur in converter for one year. The amount of
losses is reduced by the amount of energy in energy out. The simulation results
showed losses in the inverter is 1,246 kWh / yr and for the value of the
rectifier losses is 54 kWh / yr.
IV.4.
Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using Polaris 25 kW wind turbines and Solar Module
250W with CE (S / M-250)
In
planning the PLTH will use turbines Polaris 25 kW and also Solar Module 250W
with CE (S / M-250), move the discussion that is used as the planning PLTH
turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). Some of
the things that differentiates is the information input component, namely the
use of wind turbines is the turbine type Polaris 25 kW as well as in
determining the capacity converter is used and also a different number of
batteries needed.
IV.4.1
Rational. Imposition Planning
PLTH
loading planning to use Polaris 25 kW turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S
/ M-250) will be done by finding the average daily load. The calculation is as
follows.
E_h
= E_total / 365
=
(115,481.6 kWh) / 365
= 316.4 kWh / day
However,
in an estate of his, as a source of energy, namely wind turbines and modules pv
connected to the converter and the battery which each of these components has a
value of efficiency that resulted in the energy losses so that the data load to
be assumed to be reduced by energy losses so that it will approach the
calculation of the actual state of the PLTH system. From the specification of
the data used for the converter and the battery dala PLTH planning this time
has a value losses of 3% to 14% for the converter and the battery. Following
the calculation of its energy losses:
E_losses
= losses losses converter + battery
E_losses
= 3% x 14% x E_h + E_h
E_losses
= 3% + 14% x 316.4 x 316.4
E_losses
= 9.42 + 44.29
E_losses
= 53.71 kWh / day
Furthermore,
from the results above we can calculate the average daily load as follows:
E_load
= E_h - E_losses
E_load
= 316.4 kWh / day- 53.71 kWh / day
E_load
= 262.6 kWh / day
Then
the average daily load will be entered into Homer as load profile PLTH system
to be designed. Here the authors intend to share the burden of the daily
average calculated above into the data load per hour so that it can be
processed into a homer. For the determination of the characteristics of the
load will be determined by approaching the load profile for use in home stay as
assumptions Herein is the area of residence gulf coast turtle Cilacap, namely
the determination of peak load and base load calculations using the data daily
average mentioned above , Here is the calculation of peak load and base load
profiles for input load on PLTH:
LF
= P_AV / P_Peak
P_AV
= E_load / (24 hour)
P_AV
= (262.6 kWh) / (24 hour)
P_AV
= 10.7 kW
P_Peak
= P_AV / LF
P_Peak
= (10.7 kW) / 0.6
P_Peak
= 17.8 kW
Where
:
P_Peak
= Peak load to be entered into a homer (kW)
P_AV
= average load per day (kW)
LF
= Load Factor / load factor for residential load profile (0.6)
Eventually
peak load above will be entered into the homer to load profiles from 17:00 till
22:00 hours or in other words for 5 hours. So it can be calculated the total
energy at peak load in one day is 17.8 kW x 5 hour = 89.1 kWh.
Based
on the results above the peak load can be calculated also load essentially by
the following equation:
P_base
= (E_load- E_Peak) / (Base hour)
P_base
= (262.6 kWh- 89.1 kWh) / (19 hour)
P_base
= = (173.5 kWh) / (19 hour)
P_base
= 9.1 kW
Where
:
P_base
= base load to be entered into a homer (kW)
E_load
= total daily load energy (kWh)
E_Peak
= total peak load day (kWh)
Base
hour = amount of time to input the base load in a day (hour)
So
for input load profile on the homer is the peak load of 17.8 kW to 17.00 until
22.00 hours or over 5 hours and a basic load of 9.1 kW for the rest of the hour
in addition to the peak load that is other than 17.00 until 22.00 or for 19
hours in a day.
IV.4.2.
Planning converter
Planning
is done as in the planning converter converters for use turbine system PLTH BWC
Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) that by imposing the
following equation:
C_
(k) ≥ P_load
Where
:
C_
(k) = Capacity Converter (kW)
P_load
= average load power (kW)
From
the above equation writer wants a reliable converter which can supply the load
if the main energy source, namely the turbine and PV modules do not produce
because of various factors so as to supply the load will be charged entirely by
batteries that will be converted from DC to AC load load. So the determination
of the converter as above the system will not suffer when the load is not well
supplied during the battery still has sufficient energy to supply the load even
if the primary energy source does not produce electrical energy. As for the
magnitude of the converter on the type PLTH who use Polaris 25 kW wind turbines
and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is equal burden imposed and has been
calculated in the previous discussion that is greater than 262.6 kWh , In
planning Homer authors use a converter with a capacity of 300 kWh.
IV.4.3.
Planning Batteries
Batteries
are used in the planning of this time together with the batteries used in the
previous plan, namely battery Hoppecke 20 OPZS 2500. The amount of battery
capacity that is used for these systems can be calculated using the following
equation.
Q_tot
= (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η)
=
(316.4 kWh x 3) / (2 x 0.7 x 0.86)
=
788,372.1 Ah
Where:
Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)
E_h
= Number of daily total energy (kWh)
a
= autonomic desired day (day)
DOD
= deep discharge of the battery
V_s
= battery voltage (volts)
From
the above equation is found autonomday for 3 days. This means that when a full
battery condition, the battery can supply the load requirement for 3 days even
though there was no wind or solar insolation at all. Then the amount of DOD is
determined by (1 - minimum state of charge), where the value of the minimum
state of charge of the battery Hoppecke is 30% so the DOD be 1-30%, or by 70%.
To determine the number of batteries that can be used the following equation:
n
= Q_tot / (Q_bat)
n
= (788,372.1 Ah) / 2500
n
= 315.3
n
= 316
Based
on the above calculation, the minimum amount of batteries that must be provided
in the draft PLTH is 316 batteries. Converter which is assumed to use a working
voltage of 220 volts, so that the battery needs to be done in a serial
configuration so that the DC bus voltage to 220 Vdc.
N_s
= V_dc / V_bat
N_s
= 220/2
N_s
= 110
Where:
N_s = number of batteries in a series
V_dc
= desired DC bus voltage (volts)
V_bat
= nominal battery voltage (volts)
Based
on the above calculation, can specify the number of strings to PLTH this is as
much as three strings, so the number of batteries to be used are as many as 330
pieces of batteries necessary for the appropriate calculation is minimal
battery 316.
IV.4.4.
Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using Polaris 25 kW wind turbines and Solar Module
250W with CE (S / M-250) on HOMER
As
well as on the planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW
and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250), this time the software will
dsimulasikan homer to see whether the plan might be to run. It is also to look
at some other parameters such as total energy produced, capital cost PLTH
development and so forth. Here is the sequence of simulation PLTH use softaware
homer.
1.
Provision of Components PLTH
Here
is a view in the planning stages include the use of software components homer:
For
inputting PLTH component will be selected using this homer Primary components
of Load 1, Wind Turbine 1, PV 1, Converter and Battery 1. System PLTH be made
PLTH assumed a stand alone system, it is planning to use homer selected
"Do not model of the grid" as seen in the picture above inputting
stage.
2.
Polaris 25 kW Wind Turbine
Unlike
the previous plan, this time designed PLTH will use Polaris 25 kW wind turbine.
For inputting turbine prices herein are included with the price of towernya so
the total is 72 016 USD. This price is derived from the price of USD 51 770
turbines and a 30 meter monopole tower for USD 20,246. The amount supplied is
the availability of 4 turbines that total capacity to 100 kW. Lifetime tower assumed
to be 30 years old and 30 meters high tower used appropriate. Here are the
specifications of the turbine Polaris 25 kW.
Specifications
Table 4. 14 Polaris 25 kW wind turbine
Model
P 12-25
Type
Horizontal Axis
Upwind
Diameter 12 m (39.4 ft)
Rated
Power 25 kW
The
cut-in speed of 2.7 m / s
Rated
speed 10 m / s
Cut-out
speed of 25 m / s
Material
Fiberglass / Resin
Operating
RPM 75 RPM
SWT
Design Class IEC CLASS II
Design
standard IEC 61400-2
Permanent
magnet type generator
Rated
generator power of 25 kW, 3 phase
Voltage
400 VAC
Nacelle
weight of 2,329 kg
Price
$ 72,016 (tower hub height 30 m)
Then
towards the column labeled size to Consider. This column is a column that
contains the number of wind turbines that may be applied in PLTH system.
Because of this PLTH assumed for thermal power station and solar power are
inversely 50: 50 for the installed capacity of this turbine, Size to Consider
to be fed 2 so that the installed capacity is 50 kW turbine uses 2 Polaris 25
kW turbines.
3.
Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
As
in the previous plan, for pv modules used is 250W with CE Solar Module (S /
M-250). Pv to input some of the characteristics indicated on the display above
Homer we need to know the specification of PV modules that will be used, namely
Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). With a price range of US $ 0.5-0.8 /
watt, then due to solar power installed capacity is 50 kWp, the calculation of
the total is US $ 40,000 for a capacity of 50 kWp. As for the Operating and
Maintenance is assumed at 3% of the nominal price of the module in order to
obtain O & M cost of US $ 53. Here are the specifications of Solar Module
250W with CE (S / M-250):
Table
4. 15 Specifications Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
Module
Type S / M-250
Maximum
Power at ST (Pmax) 250Wp
Maximum
Power Voltage (Vmp) 30.8v
Maximum
Power Current (Imp) 8.11A
Open
Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.2V
Short
Circuit Current (Isc) 8.7A
Cell
Efficiency (%) 17.8%
Module
Efficiency (%) 17.1%
Operating
TemperatureºC -40ºCto + 85ºC
Maximum
system voltage 1000V (IEC) DC
Maximum
series fuse rating 15A
Power
tolerance -0.03
Temperature
coefficients of Pmax -0.45% / ºC
Voc
Temperature coefficients of -0.27% / ºC
Temperature
coefficients of Isc of 0.05% / ºC
Weight
(kg) 20.5
Number
of Cell (pcs) 6 * 10
Dimensions
(mm) 1650 * 992 * 45
4.
The converter 260 kW
In
planning the converter will be used to PLTH converters with a capacity of 240
kWh. According to previous research by Abi Taufiq (2013) and data Bunaken
Marine Corps (2010), the price of the converter is USD 645 / kW. For the
converter capacity of 240 kW, the price is USD 154 800. Lifetime of the
converter is assumed 15 years with efficiency for the inverter input rectifier
is 98% and is 96%.
5.
Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500
The
battery used is a battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah. In theory, this battery
will be able to supply the load with a maximum current of 125 Amperes for 20
hours. But in fact will greatly influenced the efficiency of the battery
itself. According to the data sheet of batteries Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 is
estimated prices range from £ 794.63 but because preformance Homer the currency
used is the US dollar (US $), the price of the battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 in
units of pounds are converted into units of US dollars, so the price equivalent
to US $ 1,300 due to 1 pound is equal to 1,635 US dollars.
Batteries
per string corresponding calculation designed to bus voltage of 220 volts
corresponding input so that batteries per string inverter were 110 for nominal
voltage of 2 volts battery. While the size to Consider a number of string
arrangement is provided in order to be able to calculate the homer system
combinations are possible. At this time the plan is provided from 1 to 3 serial
battery because the battery needs according to the calculation reaches 310
batteries.
6.
Imposition PLTH
PLTH
load planning system is based on the assumption derived from the average daily
energy that has been taken into account in it losses its energy. Then to determine
the input profile to homer on the assumption determination of peak load and
base load calculations using load factor (load factor) of 0.6 (for the load
profile residential / residential).
7.
Constraint
As
in the previous plan, on these items we can set some coercion against the
system that we simulate. In this constraint variable set value annual maximum
cutting capacity by 5%. This shows that in one year occurred deduction is
allowed a maximum load capacity of 5% of the total load.
IV.4.5
Simulation Results MHP with 25 kW Turbine Polaris Solar Module 250W with CE (S
/ M-250)
The
simulation results of a homer nearing the calculation in planning PLTH which
has been calculated previously because it can be seen that the number of wind
turbines is found to be as much as 2 fruit, modules pv capacity of 50 kW, a
battery of 220 pieces or it could be put on as many as 330 pieces, while for
converters have many options because the input size to Consider its input
multiple options so the simulations were also found plenty of choice with a
minimum value for the simulation is 30 kW. Homer simulation results can also be
from several sides as follows: Cost Summary
Based
on the above image can be described the following information:
PLTH
planning requires an initial capital of US $ 489,382. Then to the cost of
replacement parts that have been damaged can not be used or is of US $ 97,250,
while for the operating and maintenance costs are a component of US $ 127,233.
Furthermore, within the process of this PLTH project is for 25 years, will be
found the components that still have the resale price. Homer has calculated all
of US $ 55,502. So based on the calculation of the amount of each of the
sub-section can be calculated the total amount of this PLTH planning costs
amounted to US $ 658,363 Cash Flow
Here's
how the flow of costs that have been simulated by the homer:
Figure
4. Flow 35 PLTH costs with Polaris 25 kW turbines on homer
From
the picture above we can see that the nominal capital / capital occurred in the
year 0 as the first step in planning PLTH. Operation and maintenance occurs
every year during this PLTH undertake production activities. Substitution of
components occurs in tahunke 15 for the converter and the 20th year for
battery. As for the resale price of used components seen at 25 or at the end of
the production Masaa PLTH this project. Electrical
There
are tools in the homer that describes the electrical information for PLTH
system to be designed.
Table
4. 17 PLTH electrical simulation results with Polaris 25 kW turbines on homer
Quantity
kWh / yr%
Pv
array production 74 981 65
Wind
turbine production 41 116 35
AC
primary load consumption 89 898 100
Excess
electricity 17 980 15.5
Unmet
electricity load 3542 3.8
Capacity
shortage 3542 3.8
Production
is large total energy production by PV modules with an installed capacity of 50
kWp and 25 kW turbines Polaris much as 2 pieces. Stated that the total
production of energy by the second energy source in the simulation homer
amounted to 116 147 kWh / year. While the calculations have been done earlier,
the total amount of energy that can be produced by pv modules with an installed
capacity of 50 kWp and 25 kW turbines Polaris much as 2 pieces amounted to
115,481.6 kWh / year. To determine the percentage error of the data may be
subject to the following calculation:
%
Error = (from 116,147 to 115,481.6) /116.147 x 100% = 665.4 / 116 147 x 100% =
0.0057 x 100% = 0.57%
From
the calculation above it can be concluded that the plan has a fairly good approximation
to the simulation homer in the planning so that the results of calculations can
be used as a reference in the simulation process because the data and the
results are valid. Polaris 25 kW wind turbine
At
this PLTH planning using Polaris 25 kW wind turbine.
Based
on the above image obtained some information about Polaris turbines used in
this PLTH as follows:
Table
4. Simulation results 18 Polaris 25 kW turbines on PLTH
Quantity
Value Units
The
total rated capacity of 50 kW
Mean
output of 4.7 kW
Capacity
factor 9.4%
Total
production 41 166 kWh / yr
The
minimum output of 0 kW
Maximum
output of 56.6 kW
Wind
penetration 44.1%
Hours
of operation 4872 hr / yr
Levelized
cost of $ 0.278 / kWh
Based
on the table above we can see that the total capacity of 50 kW turbine aadalah
where every single unit turbine has a nominal capacity of 25 kW so for two
turbines in the system will generate a capacity of 50 kW. The average output is
4.7 kW turbine, while the capacity factor of 9.4%. Turbine type by 2 pieces
Polaris is capable of producing energy by 41 166 kWh / year. Minimum and
maximum output of each output is at 0 kW and 56.6 kW. This happens when the
current wind speed minimum and maximum wind speed. Wind penetration in this
thermal power station by 109%. PLTB operations generate electricity for 4872
hours in a year, the duration is shorter than in the previous project because
of the cut-in of the turbine Polaris higher. Levelized cost of this turbine is
$ 0.278 / kWh.
5.
PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
Based
on simulation results for pv module 250W with CE (S / M-250) on top of some
information can be described as follows:
Table
4. 19 The simulation results with 250W PV Module CE (S / M-250)
Quantity
Value Units
The
total rated capacity of 50 kW
Mean
output of 8.6 kW
Capacity
factor of 17.1%
Total
production 74 981 kWh / yr
The
minimum output of 0 kW
Maximum
output of 50.8 kW
PV
penetration 80.2%
Hours
of operation 4,431 hr / yr
Levelized
cost of $ 0.0424 / kWh
Total
rated capacity is the total capacity of all PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250).
Every single unit module has a nominal capacity of 250 W so that the required
modules as many as 200 pieces to achieve an average total capacity of 50 kW
peak.
Mean
output shows the average output of all generating units (PV modules) in one
year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 8.6 kW. This
value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the
solar insolation data sources has an average intensity of radiation is small
and the rising sun that are limited during the day until late afternoon so that
PV modules can not produce electrical energy.
Capacity
factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of 250W
pv module with CE (S / M-250). Because the average output of 250W pv module
with CE (S / M-250) is a 8.6 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the
capacity factor of the system is approximately 17.1%. The higher the value, the
more good capacity factor of the PLTH system and the energy generated is also
greater.
Total
production on the simulation result shows the total production of the energy
produced by the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) for one year. The amount of
electrical energy production for one year this system is 74 981 kWh / year.
Minimum
output on the results of this simulation show the amount of power output during
the year by the smallest 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). The minimum value
of the output occurs when the smallest solar insolation, which is when the
intensity of the sun is 0 (no sun) so that the minimum value of the output is
also 0 kW.
Maximum
output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power
output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). This occurs when the value of the
largest solar insolation work on pv modules. Solar insolation data is used, the
largest solar insolation is 5.190 kWh / m / d in September. At this moment
occurs the maximum output value of 50.8 kW.
Wind
penetration percentages show the amount of solar radiation penetration in the
PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). This value is derived from the average
energy produced PV modules during the year divided by the average load PLTH
served for a year. On this result the value of wind penetration is 80.2%.
Hours
of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical
energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at 250W pv module with CE (S
/ M-250) is 4,431 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate
electricity for 4,431 hours.
Levelized
cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by
the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more
profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH who use 200
units 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), the magnitude of COE is $ 0.0424 /
kWh.
6.
Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah
As
in the preceding discussion, the battery used is tipe Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500 Ah.
String
size indicates the size / number of batteries in one serial. Size string value
of this system is 110, which means there are 110 battery in the battery serial.
Strings
in parallel shows the serial number contained in the parallel arrangement of
the battery. This value is 2, which means there are 2 serial arrangement in
parallel batreai.
Bateries
shows the total battery used by PLTH. Bateries value on the simulation result
is 220, which means there are 220 batteries used in PLTH. This value is a
multiplication of the value of the string size with strings in parallel (110 x
2 = 220).
Bus
voltage is the magnitude of the DC bus voltage caused by battery configurations
are made. The magnitude of the bus voltage is proportional to the value of the
nominal battery voltage multiplied by the number of batteries per string. In
the simulation results PLTH system's DC bus voltage is 220 volts, this value is
comparable to 110 x 2 volts.
Nominal
capacity is the value of the nominal capacity of the battery. This value is
comparable to the number of times the battery capacity of the battery. At this
project is 220 multiplied by 5 kWh battery so that the nominal capacity is 1,100
kWh.
Usable
capacity is nominal rated capacity that can be used to supply the load. Due to
the characteristics of the battery has a minimum state of charge is 30%, then
the usable capacity is 70% of its nominal capacity. (0.7 x 550 kWh = 385 kWh).
Autonomy
indicates how long the battery can supply the load until the maximum limit.
Autonomy is the ratio of the size of the battery bank compared with the average
electrical load. On the results of this simulation value adalalah 72.2 hour
autonomy.
Lifetime
show the overall throughput of energy that can circulate in a battery before
the battery is experiencing change, regardless of the depth of the circular
energy per unit of battery. On the results of this simulation, the value of
lifetime throughput is 1.87506 million kWh.
Battery
wear costs shows the cost of battery consumption in the system. These are costs
that occur circular energy in batteries. In the simulation results with a
homer, wear batery value of this cost is $ 0.164 / kWh.
Energy
in show the amount of energy that goes into the battery. This energy comes from
the rest of the energy produced by the wind turbine and PV modules are not used
directly to meet the needs of the load. The amount of energy in the results of
this simulation is 52 963 kWh / yr.
Energy
outs show the amount of energy released from the battery to supply the load.
This condition occurs when the turbine and PV modules do not generate
electricity, then the battery will issue its energy savings to meet the load
requirements. The amount of energy out on the results of this simulation is 46
395 kWh / yr.
Storage
depletion or running out of storage shows the amount of energy that is not well
supplied by a battery for one year because of insufficient battery energy
reserves. When the turbine is not producing energy and energy savings in
battery is not enough to serve the load then there was a depletion of storage.
Value storage depletion on the results of this simulation is 770 kWh / yr.
Losses
show the amount of energy loss that occurs in the battery for one year. The
larger the value, the more losses this energy storage system is not good.
Losses in the value of this battery is 5797 kWh / yr.
Annual
throughput indicates the amount of energy that circulated for a year in the
cycle of the battery. The magnitude of this value on the results of this
simulation is 50 029 kWh / yr.
7.
Converter
Here
are the results of simulation converter on the homer:
Based
on the above image obtained information about the converter as follows:
Table
4. 21 The simulation results on PLTH converter with 25 kW turbine Polaris
Quantity
Inverter Rectifier Units
Capacity
30 30 kW
Mean
output of 1.2 kW
Minimum
Output 0 0 kW
Maximum
output 30 kW 30
Capacity
factor 23.8 3.9%
Hours
of operation 6,591 1,497 hrs / yr
Energy
in 63 864 10,594 kWh / yr
Energy
out 62 587 10 170 kWh / yr
Losses
1,277 424 kWh / yr
Based
on the table above we can see that the value of the converter is 30 kW capacity
different from the calculation in advance planning. This shows that the
planning is still reviewing the factors that affect the amount of the capacity
of the converter. Then the hours of operation for the value especially for
rectifier increased when compared to the previous design, because the energy in
and energy out increase the amount so that it takes a longer time to perform
the operation on the rectifier.
IV.5
Comparison of the two PLTH
IV.5.1
Comparison turbines used
Turbines
used in this PLTH differ in a large capacity. The type that is appropriate
turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW has a capacity of 10 kW with a cut-in value is known
is 2.5 m / s. As for the Polaris turbine kW P-25 has a capacity of 25 kW with a
cut-in value of 2.7 m / s.
Based
on the picture above we can see that the energy output of 25 kW turbine Polaris
is greater than the energy output of a turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW. Comparison of
the energy output of the turbine it would affect the simulation results for
PLTH to be designed.
IV.5.2
Comparison of Simulation Results
In
the simulation results using homer software is obvious there is a difference of
both the PLTH planning. Differences between the PLTH very dominant due to
differences in turbines used, while for the other components in the same
assume. So in this discussion is focused on the differences turbines used. The
following will be displayed difference PLTH project with two turbines are
different.
PLTH
characteristics BWC Excel-S 10 kW and kW turbine Polaris25. PLTH which uses
turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW turbines requires 5 to reach a capacity of 50 kW,
while the batteries required are as many as 220 pieces. For converters that
will be used is a converter that has a capacity of 40 kW. The characteristics
of the input to the simulation homer which in this plan will be in the hybrid
turbine with pv modules with an installed capacity of 50 kW will result in
total energy production of 84 774 kWh / yr. As for PLTH using Polaris 25 kW
turbine will require two pieces of the turbine to reach a capacity of 50 kW.
The number of batteries required is 220 units with a capacity of 30 kW
converter. As with PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, the PLTH will also
be in hybrid with a capacity of 50 kW PV module so that it will produce a total
energy production of 116 147 kWh / yr.
The
overall energy produced by PLTH that use turbines Polaris 25 kW much larger
than the PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW although both PLTH it has
defined capacity as large as 50 kW for the turbine and 50 kW for pv modules.
In
terms of economic capital is known for using a turbine PLTH planning BWC
Excel-S 10 kW is as much as USD 612 780 while for planning PLTH using Polaris
25 kW turbines require a capital of USD 489 382. Differences in capital for
both PLTH is because the difference in price and also the number of turbines
needed, although the review of the unit price turbines Polaris 25 kW more
expensive, but for the purposes of PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW more that is
5 turbine so that the amount of time over many compared with Polaris turbine
needs only need two pieces of the turbine.
Then
seen from its total NPC to PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW requires a fee of
USD 877 999, while for PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbine requires a fee of USD
658 363. The total costs of planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW greater
than the total cost of planning PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbines. This is
because the cost of capital for larger turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW as well as
components used in planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW more in quantity as
an example is a converter. To see more clearly the difference in economic
characteristics of the thermal power station.
The
cost for the planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW higher than the planning
PLTH using turbines Polaris 25 kW because the details are for the cost of
capital is greater that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW because the quantity is
required by these turbines in addition to the greater capacity of converters
required by this turbine thereby increasing operating and maintenance costs
that ultimately will affect the total cost of PLTH the NPC.
IV.6
Sketch Plan PLTH
IV.6.1
Sketch Plan MHP turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW
In
the discussion this time will show the planning for the PLTH development plan
sketches. Plan PLTH above are designed using software microsoft visio a scale
of 1: 250. With such scale has been calculated previously that the plan PLTH
total area is 52,500 square meters. For turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW bejumlah 5
pieces, each of which is assumed 25 meters between towernya foot tower with a
height of 30 meters according to the average speed of the wind turbine is
planned at a height of 30 meters. As for using the Module 250W pv module with
CE (S / M-250) takes 200 modules, each of which has an area of approximately
165 cm x 99.2 cm and is assumed to be 4 strings arranged so that each string of
modules totaling 50 mounted series. In the sketch above is not shown all the
modules due to the limited amount of space that will affect the total area and
also scale to be used.
IV.6.2
Sketch Plan PLTH using 25 kW turbines Polaris
As
with the previous discussion, this time will also be shown a sketch plan PLTH
using software microsoft visio using Polaris 25 kW turbine. Plan PLTH above are
designed using software microsoft visio a scale of 1: 250. With such scale has
been calculated previously that the plan PLTH total area is 23,500 square
meters. When compared with PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, PLTH which
uses turbines Polaris 25 kW has a broad sketch of smaller ataulebih narrow,
this is because the number of turbines that are used less ie only 2 pieces so
that only take land that is not too broad. Polaris to 25 kW turbine that
bejumlah 2 pieces, each of which is assumed 25 meters between towernya foot
tower with a height of 30 meters according to the average speed of the wind
turbine is planned at a height of 30 meters. As for using the Module 250W pv
module with CE (S / M-250) takes 200 modules, each of which has an area of
approximately 165 cm x 99.2 cm and is assumed to be 4 strings arranged so
that each string of modules totaling 50 mounted series. In the sketch above is not
shown all the modules due to the limited amount of space that will affect the
total area and also scale to be used.
CHAPTER
V
CLOSING
V.1
Conclusion
Based
on the research that has been done, some conclusions can be drawn as follows.
1.
The area Cilacap especially in the coastal areas and the surrounding Turtle Bay
has the potential of wind and solar energy that can be harnessed as a source of
electrical energy in a Hybrid Power Generating System (PLTH)
2.
Total energy production PLTH use 5 units of 100 kW wind turbine types BWC
Excel-S 10 kW and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) in the
calculation was 87220.3 kWh / year, whereas in simulation using software homer
amounted to 84 774 kWh / year.
3.
The total production capacity of 100 kW PLTH energy use 2 Polaris 25 kW turbine
units and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) in the calculation
amounted to 115,481.6 kWh / year, whereas in simulation using software homer
was 116 147 kWh / year.
4.
Planning homer PLTH using the software can be done by using a turbine unit 5
BWC Excel-S 10 kW and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)
converter 40 kW, 220 pieces of batteries in series with the load asuumsi of
198, 29 kWh / day.
5.
Planning PLTH using homer software can be done using Polaris 2 25 kW turbine
units and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) converter 30 kW,
220 pieces of batteries in series with the load asuumsi amounted to 262.6 kWh /
day.
6.
In the turbines PLTH planning BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module
(S / M-250) required initial capital of US $ 612.780 and the total cost of the
project over 25 years amounted to US $ 877.999 to the cost of energy (COE )
amounted to US $ 0.966 / kWh.
7.
In the planning PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE
(S / M-250) required initial capital of US $ 489,382 and the total cost of the
project over 25 years amounted to US $ 658,363 to the cost of energy (COE) of
US $ 0.573 / kWh.
8.
For the same capacity of 100 kW, PLTH designed using BWC Excel-S turbine has a
power output that is much smaller than the turbine Polaris. In addition, the
initial capital for the design of the turbine PLTH BWC Excel-S is more
expensive.
9.
For the same capacity of 100 kW, COE of PLTH Polaris 100 kW turbines have the
value smaller than PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S, but the difference is not too
big.
V.2
Suggestions
1.
To improve the quality and reliability in supplying the load, which will be
designed PLTH need to be combined with a generator or connect to PLN net.
2.
In a stand-alone system, the converter and the battery capacity needs to be
increased to reduce the excess electricity and increase autonomy of PLTH so as
to supply the load even if the energy source is wind and solar were
insufficient.
3.
Need to be predictive of potential wind and solar energy to determine the
continuity of PLTH in times to come.
4.
For planning further research can be done by determining the load to be
supplied before determining PLTH capacity to be designed so that no energy is
lost unused.
