STUDY OF 100 KILOWATTS HYBRID POWER PLANT PLANNING WIND AND SOLAR AT TELUK PENYU BEACH, CILACAP

ABSTRACT

Teluk Penyu  Beach is a beach on the south coast which has the potential of wind and solar are quite large . The main problem of this type of energy is not available continuously. To overcome these problems , a hybrid technique is widely used to combine several types of power plants . Planning this hybrid power plant will use HOMER software to analyze the total cost of planning a hybrid power plant and also to compare the reliability in terms of electrical and also the cost of the two turbines that will be used , namely turbine is BWC Excel - S 10 kW and PGE -20 / 25 kW . Based on simulation results , the first hybrid power plant using 5 units of turbine BWC Excel - S 10 kW and 50 kWp photovoltaic , generate energy production 84.774 kWh / yr , with an initial capital cost USD 612.780 and COE of $ 0,966 / kWh . The second hybrid power plant using 2 units of 25 kW turbine Polaris and 50 kWp photovoltaic , energy production generates 116,147 kWh / yr , with an initial capital cost USD 489 382 and COE of $ 0.573 / kWh .

Keywords: Planning a hybrid power plant, HOMER, wind power plants, solar power plants, turbine  BWC Excel-S 10 kW, turbine PGE-20/25, COE

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

I.1. Background

Today's energy needs are increasing with the increasing human needs. This is an indication of the energy crisis in the world. One of the causes of the energy crisis is still the number dependence on fossil energy sources, especially oil. Just as we know that the availability of fossil fuels as a primary energy is very limited and constantly under threat of scarcity. In times of today are pretty much built power plants, both conventional and renewable, but it turns out there are still areas that do not get the supply of electricity in particular. In remote areas there is already a lot of electricity generation by renewable energy such as wind, streams, solar and others. But it did not fully meet the electrical load to a particular area of ​​the maximum.

Hybrid power plants (PLTH) or a hybrid system (hybrid system) is a power generation system that combines several new energy sources and terbarukan.PLTH a solution to the fuel crisis and the absence of electricity in the area terpencildan which are difficult to reach by the large generation systems such as network PLN. This PLTH utilize renewable energy (renewable energy) as the main source (primary) combined with Diesel Generator as a backup energy source (secondary) (Rosyid.O.A, 2011). The system is very suitable to be applied in an area that has sources of renewable energy in the community of dense population and concentrated. Excess production PLTH energilistrik of the system can be stored in the battery (storage systems) so unfortunate- rugienergi can be avoided.

Teluk Penyu Beach at Cilacap is one of the beaches on the south coast of Java island that have the potential of wind energy as wind power plants (thermal power station). According to data from BMKG Cilacap wind speed, wind speed around Cilacap coast varies between 0 to 12 m / s in 2012. Average monthly wind speed in Cilacap in 2012 varied between 1.45 m / s to 3.3 m / s at a height of 10 meters. Such data show that thermal power station at low speed wind turbines can be developed on the coast.

In order to meet the electricity needs with effective and efficient performance required system wind-solar hybrid plant that in fact the coastal areas Cilacap Teluk Penyu also has solar potential that can be utilized. Hybridization combination or hybrid power plants (wind-solar) will be used to distribute the load base in the coastal areas, especially the Teluk Penyu.

Based on some of the above authors took the initiative to prepare the final project titled " STUDY OF 100 KILOWATTS HYBRID POWER PLANT PLANNING WIND AND SOLAR AT TELUK PENYU BEACH, CILACAP".

I.2. Formulation of the problem

Based on the above, it can be found several problems as follows:

1. How can the potential of wind and sun (solar) Annual Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap?

2. How much energy is generated by PLTH (wind-solar) annually?

3. How is the determination of the capacity of the components used in the planning PLTH wind and solar power capacity of 100 kW with 10 kW wind turbines and 25 kW?

4. How does the draft PLTH wind and solar power capacity of 100 kW using software homer either by using wind turbines capacity of 10 kW and 25 kW per unit?

5. What are the costs required in the manufacture PLTH wind and solar power capacity of 100 kW is?

6. How do you compare the characteristics of the design PLTH wind and solar power of 100 KW wind turbines using 10 kW and 25 kW?

I.3. Scope of problem

In order to research conducted is not too large, it is necessary to limit the problem. The limit problem is as follows:

1. The system will be designed PLTH not use generators / generators

2. The wind data used in the calculation and simulation is the average data speed of the wind from BMKG Cilacap in 2012, while the solar insolation the data used in the design obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy.

3. Simulations were performed using the software HOMER

4. Cost analysis is limited to only the components that include the turbine, tower, PV modules, bateray and converte, structure (tower and foundation).

I.4. Hypothesis

Based on the data obtained previously, the design PLTH (wind-solar) is expected to supply the needs of the electrical load for coastal areas of the Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap maximum.

I.5. Research purposes

Some of the objectives of the research on design PLTH (wind-solar) in the Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap is:

1 Knowing the potential of wind and sun (solar) in the area of ​​Turtle Bay Beach Cilacap

2 Knowing how much energy is generated by PLTH (wind-solar)

3 Planning system PLTH wind and solar power and simulate the system using HOMER software.

4 Knowing the cost estimates used in the construction PLTH to an installed capacity of 100 kW.

5 Comparing the results of the draft PLTH 100 kW wind turbines 10 kW and 25 kW per unit.

I.6. Benefits of research

The benefits of other research about PLTH Planning (wind-solar) in Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap area is as follows:

1 Provides an overview of the planning of hybrid power plants (wind-solar), particularly in the area of ​​the Gulf Coast Turtle Cilacap.

2 It can be a reference for those who want to build a hybrid power plant (the solar wind).

3 It can be a reference for students who want to make scientific papers related to power generation hybrid (wind-solar).

I.7. Writing system

In order to achieve the objectives of this Final discussion as expected, then the arrangement of systematic discussion of this final project is as follows:

Chapter I is an introduction that contains the title of the study, background, problem formulation, barring problems, hypotheses, research objectives, the benefits of research, as well as the systematic writing.

Chapter II is a chapter which contains the basic theory or literature review that underlie the idea of ​​planning a power plant hybrid wind and solar power, from previous studies that support, understanding PLTH, PLTB & PLTS, the working principle of thermal power station and solar power, the type of component used, as well as the intentional power formula.

Chapter III is a chapter containing the research methods to be used in research, including the time and place of research, tools and materials used, research data, the research phase, the research schedule, as well as research flowchart

CHAPTER IV chapter is a discussion that contains the analysis of the potential of wind energy and solar insolation in Cilacap, planning PLTH system using wind and solar power homer, PLTH construction cost analysis and comparison of the results using the draft PLTH 100 KW wind turbine 10 KW and 25 KW.

CHAPTER V is a concluding chapter containing the research conclusions and suggestions.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

II.1. Accomplished studies

Several studies have been completed or done before regarding PLTH particularly concerning thermal power station and solar power are used as a reference by the author to perform such research, among others are by Asep Widodo (2011), entitled "Design and Design of Power Systems Wind-Diesel Hybrid SURYA Housing Case Studies Eksodan Desa Kebumen Tanggulangin ". He uses diesel power as the main generator for supplying bebean and add renewable energy sources as wind and solar backup generator and also to charge the battery. He uses the original load data by conducting surveys prior to Tanggulangin village, Kebumen for some time so that real mendapatakan loading of data. For the simulation, he use HOMER software. HOMER From the simulation results, obtained for PV electricity production by 65 kWh, power production for wind turbines at 23 kWh, while electricity production for diesel by 20 kWh.

Other studies related to the study conducted by the writer Mohamad Dwi Laksono Samson (2013) entitled "Technical Review and Economic Planning Bayu Power Capacity 100 KW at the Turtle Bay Beach Cilacap". He conducted an analysis of the economic comparison to thermal power station using two different turbine capacity by assuming a constant load (flat). There are also other research studies to be conducted by the author Rhezi Syahputra (2013) with the title "Design of Solar Power System Capacity Stand Alone 900 WattPeakUntuk House Live in Purwokerto. He performed with a design capacity of 900 wp solar power for residential consumption using modules with a capacity of 48wp the number of modules installed as many as 20 pieces. From the study of electrical energy generated by 1,348 KWh / year, while the consumption load served a year of 795 kWh / year. This generation systems produce more energy unused as much as 317 kWh / year. The author will design a plant that combines wind energy and solar energy as a source of energy power plants that will be packaged in a hybrid power plant (PLTH) wind and solar power.

II.2. Hybrid Power Plant (PLTH)

Hybrid power plants (PLTH) is the union or integration between several types of fuel-based power plants with renewable energy-based power plants. Generally generating system is mostly done for PLTH is a diesel generator, solar power plants (PLTS), micro-hydro, wind power plants (thermal power station). PLTH concept that combines multiple sources of new and renewable energy is one alternative solution in overcoming the fuel crisis. Given that combination could address the fuel crisis and is expected to provide a continuous supply of electrical power with optimum efficiency.

Hybrid Power Plant which will be designed is PLTH using renewable energy as a source of energy, namely wind generator and solar energy as a whole without the use generators or diesel as a back up for the supply of electricity. But in designing this PLTH bateray will be used to store electrical energy generated by a thermal power station or solar power so that it can supply the load when the generator is not in a state of production. In the research conducted by the author uses the data that the estimate assumption load capacity of the energy stored in the batteries will always be sufficient for load attached.

II.2.1 PLTB Sub System (Power Bayu / Wind)

Power Bayu (PLTB) is a power generation technologies that change the potential of wind energy into electrical energy. Wind is air moving / flowing, so has the speed, strength and direction. The cause of this movement is the warming of the earth by solar radiation. Air above the Earth's surface is heated by the sun besides directly, also got heating by solar radiation the Earth is not homogeneous, then the amount of solar energy that is absorbed and re-emitted by the Earth by space and time are varied. This causes temperature differences in the atmosphere, which cause differences in density and atmospheric pressure. Air has the properties to always achieve equilibrium pressure, because the difference in speed and atmospheric pressure this causes air to move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

.

Figure 2. Schematic 1 wind power plant

II.2.1.1. Working Principle PLTB

Wind power generation occurs on the basis of change in kinetic energy of the wind before and after passing through wind turbines. When passing wind turbines, wind experienced a reduction in kinetic energy (characterized by reduced wind speed). Lost kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy rotating wind turbine, wind turbine is connected to the rotor of the generator. The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

II.2.1.2 Wind Energy

Wind energy is basically the kinetic energy caused by wind speed. Wind energy is in addition influenced by the wind speed is also affected by the density of the air. The kinetic energy of the wind can be obtained using the following equation.

E = 1/2 V〗 〖m ^ 2 (2.1)

Where: E = kinetic energy of the wind (Joule)

m = Period of air (kg)

V = wind speed (m / s)

The wind speed at a certain height can be calculated based on the formula of exponential speed wind shear profiles below.

V_h = V_ref (h / h_ref) ^ α (2.2)

Where: V_h = wind speed at any particular height (m / s)

V_ref = wind speed measurement results early (m / s)

h = altitude winds will be calculated (m)

h_ref = height measurements were taken early (m)

α = coefficient of friction profile (0,1)

Keep in mind that the magnitude of the coefficient of friction profile (α) on the measurement of wind speed is 0.1 to open areas such as beaches and pasture areas, and then to an area that has lots of trees and buildings or residential areas then the slide profile coefficient is 0, 3.

II.2.1.3 wind power

Wind power is the power generated by wind energy. Wind power is also strongly influenced by wind speed. The amount of wind power will be directly proportional to air density and wind speed, whose value according to the equation:

P = 1/2 .ρ.V ^ 3 (2.3)

Where: P = wind power (watt / m ^ 2)

ρ = air density (1.225 kg / m ^ 3)

V = wind speed (m / s)

II.2.1.4 Power Wind Turbine

The maximum power capacity that can be produced by the wind turbines will be strongly influenced by the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine blade (A), wind speed (V), air density (ρ), and the rotor efficiency (η). Maximum wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine will be in accordance with the following equation.

Pt = 1/2 .ρ.A.V ^ 3 (2.4)

Where: Pt = Maximum power turbine (Watt)

ρ = air density (1.225 kg / m ^ 3)

A = cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine (m ^ 2)

V = wind speed (m / s)

Turbine cross-sectional area (A) is a broad sweep of the blade or the rotor of the wind turbine. The value of this cross-sectional area can be calculated using the equation usual area of ​​a circle is:

A = πr ^ 2 (2.5)

Where: A = cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine (m ^ 2)

π = the constant pi (3.14)

r = radius of the turbine rotor (m)

Of the power equation written above the turbine can also be seen that the power capacity of the wind power plants is evident from the corners of turbines used. The greater the angle of the turbine is used, the greater the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine, it will automatically affect the amount of power capacity that is able to turn the turbine is converted into electrical energy by a generator.

II.2.2 Sub System PLTS (Solar energy power plant)

Solar Power Plant (SPP) is a power generation technology that converts photons from the solar energy into electrical energy. This conversion is done on solar panels composed of cells - photovoltaic cells. Cells - these cells is a layer - a thin layer of silicon (Si) pure or other semiconductor materials are processed in such a way that when the material is energized photons will excite the electrons of the bonding atoms into electrons move freely and will eventually issue a power voltage direct current (Farid Miharja.2011).

II.2.2.1 The solar cell (photovoltaic)

Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells is known as a device that converts solar radiation into electrical energy, solar cells composed of two semiconductor layers with different charges. The top layer of the solar cell is negatively charged while the bottom layer of positively charged. Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used for solar cells. When the light on the surface of the solar cell, some of the photons of light absorbed by the semiconductor atoms to release electrons from their atomic bonds to be freely moving electrons. This transfer of electrons is what causes the electric current (Quasching, 2005).

II.2.2.2 How it Works Photovoltaik System

Figure 2. 2 Occurrence Process Flow in Solar Cells (Rhezi, 2008)

N-type semiconductor material having an electron concentration greater than the concentration Hole. Meanwhile, the P-type semiconductor material having Hole concentrations greater than the concentration of electrons. Light incident on the photon energy neutral atoms in the semiconductor material will generate electron pair - Hole. Electrons move to the n-type semiconductor, Hole-type semiconductor P. moving electrons flowing through the electrode connecting wire to the front towards the rear electrode and generate an electric current that lights. At the rear electrode electrons can be reunited with the Hole, to form neutral atoms will be back pecahdan Hole-electron pairs when exposed to light energy which is next (Ahmad, 2008).

So the solar cell is basically a large photodiode and is designed with reference to symptoms such Photovoltaicsedemikian making it possible to generate very large. A P type silicon surface layer is made thin so that sunlight can penetrate directly reach Junction. Part C is given a ring-shaped layer of nickel, as a positive output terminal under the P portion N types, which are coated with nickel as well as the negative output terminal.

II.2.2.3 Solar Power and Efficiency

Before knowing the instantaneous power is produced, we have to know the energy received, where the energy is the result of multiplying the intensity of radiation received by the extent of the equation (keith et al, 1978).

E = IrxA (2.6)

Where :

E = The solar energy received (W)

Ir = intensity of solar radiation (W / m2)

A = surface area (m2)

As for the amount of instantaneous power, which is the result of multiplying the voltage and current generated by the solar cells, can be calculated with the following formula:

P = VXI (2.7)

Where :

P = Power (Watts)

V = potential difference (volts)

I = Current (ampere)

According to Keith (1978), the efficiency of photovoltaic cells which occurs in an perbandingandaya that can be generated by solar cells with input energy derived from sunlight. Efficiency is used instantaneous efficiency in data retrieval.

ηsesaat = P / (Ir x A) x 100% (2.8)

Where :

-instantaneous η = Efficiency (%)

P = electrical power (watts)

Ir = intensity of solar radiation (W / m2)

A = area of ​​the solar cell surface (m2)

II.3 Components PLTH

Hybrid Power Generating System Configuration (PLTH) as shown above which includes some of the main components is as follows.

II.3.1 Hybrid Power Conditioner

Hybrid Power Conditioner (HPC) three phase-based DSP (Digital Signal Processing) is designed to operate combine PV modules with sources external AC to increase system capacity or to operate as a stand-alone unit (stand alone) using only PV modules as energy sources.

HPC can function both as a charger or inverter and intelligently ordered the generator turns on (start) or stop (stop) on certain conditions.

In the charging mode (charging), a system set up in accordance with the battery voltage value predetermined by the user (user) and charging to the battery manufacturer based procedures, it aims to maximize battery life.

Generators will be charged optimally to achieve fuel efficiency and work efficiency. The DSP-based HPC can operate several sources of AC in parallel to meet the peak load.

Hybrid Power Conditioner (HPC) is a control system which controls the entire flow of energy in hybrid systems. HPC is composed of some major equipment that is integrated into a control system that is reliable. Such equipment as follows (Training Module Hybrid Solar Plant, Bayu and Diesel. PT LEN Industri).

Solar charge controller

Power Management Control Systems

Bi-Directional Inverter

II.3.1.1. Solar Charge Controller

Solar charge controller is an electronic device that is used to set the direct current to the battery charged and taken from the battery to the charge controller regulate beban.Solar overcharging (excess charging - because the battery is full) and an excess voltage of solar panels. Excess voltage and charging will reduce the life baterai.Solar charge controller to apply technology Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to regulate the function of battery charging and discharge current from the battery to the load.

II.3.1.2 Power Management Control Systems

Power Management Control System is a major part of the HPC that controls all work processes on the system PLTH. So this part is always monitoring the magnitude of the load, battery condition and PV-modules and ordered start- stop diesel. This section also set up parallel work between the inverter generator and adjust load sharing both.

It functioned as the main purpose of the hybrid system, in which the load flow will always be controlled from all three sources of energy. If the source of the generator should operate then the burden borne by the generator is optimized in position min 70% of its capacity in order to achieve efficiency diesel fuel according SFC curve diesel- generator. All the energy flow here will be monitored and controlled in order to reach the point system efficiency in fuel consumption (Training Module Hybrid Solar Plant, Bayu and Diesel. PT LEN Industri).

II.3.1.3 Bi-Directional Inverter

Bi-Directional Inverter is part of HPC is a bidirectional inverter can change the DC voltage into AC voltage or the reverse of the AC voltage to DC to charge the battery system.

II.3.2. Solar Array

Solar Array is rangakaian of several photovoltaic modules to achieve the desired voltage and power, during the day will produce electrical energy which is then stored in batteries that can be used at any time. Storage process through modulecharge control (PWM Solar Controller) that exist in the HPC unit, so that the battery charging system will be controlled and optimum. This system is used on the system is 240 volts dc nominal in order to reach optimum efisiensiyang.

II.3.3. Wind Turbine

            Wind Turbine is one of the renewable energy that will merubahenergi kinetic (kinetic energy) into mechanical energy in the form of round dandengan through an electric generator on its axis will occur listrik.Keluaran energy from wind energy in the form of a dc voltage whose value disesuaikandengan amount of voltage batteries installed. So in wind energy inisudah includes control for the batteries, which are merubahtegangan AC of the turbine generator output into a dc voltage battery charging voltage magnitude sesuaidengan.

II.3.4. Bank Baterry

Figure 2. 3 The general form of the accumulator

Hybrid power plants (PLTH) generally use the battery. This is because the speed of wind and solar insolation is not stable and not continuous so as to make the generator is not able to produce a stable energy to always supply the load requirement. The battery will store the energy produced by the generator before it is piped to the load. If the energy produced by the generator excess, then the power will be accommodated in a storage battery. Then when the generator does not produce electrical energy, the electrical load will be supplied by the energy stored in the battery. Battery power plants hybrid wind-solar and other renewable energy generation more used to keep the plant more reliable in supplying the load requirements.

II.3.5. Tower

The tower is a very important component in designing or building a power plant based hybrid wind and solar power (PLTH). The higher the tower is used, the greater the power of wind to be received by the wind turbine and the greater the matahri insolation received by pv module, so that the energy will be converted into electrical energy is also getting bigger. Due to the size of a high tower and large, this component is an expensive component in the design of PLTH in addition to the turbine, generator, battery and converter.

II.4 Solar-Wind PLTH Planning

In planning a PLTH there are some important things to note. PLTH planning starts from knowing the characteristics of wind speed and solar insolation at the site planning. From the characteristics of wind and solar insolation can be used to determine the components of the wind turbine and PV modules to be used in order to work according to the characteristics of existing makasimal. In planning a PLTH system also needs to take into account the load capacity of the converter and the battery used.

II.4.1 load Planning

Determination of the daily load demand is often referred to as the load profile (load profile). Load profile is used to determine the daily load requirement specification of the data as the data load on the power requirements of a typical day. Examples of load profile graphs on one particular day shown in the figure 2.4 below:

Figure 2. Example Grifik 4 load profiles in one day

(Ahmad DP. 2013)

II.4.2 converter capacity planning

If the converter used is a bi-directional converter that works as an inverter as well as a rectifier. At the time of maximum output PLTH the converter should be able to disburse the remaining energy into the battery supplying the load. At the time PLTH not produce energy, the converter must be capable of supplying the entire power load. The capacity of the converter can be calculated using the following equation.

C_ (k) ≥ P_load (2.9)

Where: C_k = converter capacity (kW)

P_load = average power load (kW)

II.4.3 Planning battery capacity

To ensure continuity of fulfillment load PLTH not produce energy when it is necessary to use a battery as energy reserves PLTH. The number of batteries used as an energy storage medium in PLTH influenced by the nominal capacity of the battery, the energy must be supplied, DOD, autonomy and efficiency of the battery itself. The amount of energy that must be supplied capacity battery can be calculated using the following equation.

Q_tot = (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η) (2.10)

Where: Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)

E_h = Number of daily total energy (kWh)

a = autonomic desired day (day)

DOD = deep discharge of the battery

 V_s = battery voltage (volts)

The number of batteries required can be calculated using the following equation.

n = Q_tot / (Q_bat) (2.11)

Where: n = minimum number of batteries used

Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)

Q_bat = nominal battery capacity (kWh)

In addition to the number of batteries, the planning needs to consider the DC voltage to be used. As an input DC voltage converter must be in accordance with the working voltage of the converter. To create the desired DC voltage as it is necessary to make the battery serial configuration. The number of batteries in series configuration can be calculated using the following equation.

N_s = V_DC / V_nom (2.12)

Where N_s = number of batteries in series

V_DC = desired DC voltage (volts)

V_nom = nominal battery voltage (volts)

In practice, to make a large-capacity storage systems required batteries over a serial arrangement. Depending on the capacity required by the system. The composition of the battery series will be prepared in parallel with other series arrangement to increase the total capacity of the battery in order to meet the needs of large loads.

II.5 HOMER

HOMER is an abbreviation of the hybrid optimization models for electric renewables, one satutools developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) assist in the design of systems .. HOMERTM micropower- system helps simplify system design in evaluating the plant off-grid and grid- connection to various jenias applications.

A micropower system is a power generation system and or heat, to supply electrical energy to the load nearby. This kind of system can use various combinations of electric energy and networked storage technology (grid- connection) or independent (stand-alone) for reasons separate from the transmission network. (Micropower System Modeling With HOMER, Tom Lambert).

II. 5.1 Performance HOMER

HOMER perform three main tasks: simulation, optimization and analysis simulation process sensitivitas.Dalam, HOMERTMmensimulasikan konfigurasimicroower-system performance every hour throughout the year determine the technical feasibility and life-cycle cost.

In the process of optimization, systems HOMERTMmensimulasikan many different configurations to find the one that meets the technical constraints on the lowest life cycle cost.

In the process of sensitivity analysis, HOMERTM do some optimization under the assumption inputs for mengukurefek uncertainty or changes in the input models. Optimization determines the optimal value of the variable in which the system designer has control as combining components that make up the system and the size or quantity of each. A sensitivity analysis to help assess the impact of uncertainty or change outside the control variables such as average wind speed or fuel prices in the future (micropower System Modeling With HOMER, Tom Lambert).

Figure 2. Work Process 5 HOMERTM

(Source: http://www.homerenergy.com/software.html)

Figure 2.10 illustrates the relationship between simulation, optimization and   sensitivity analysis. Oval oval wrap optimization simulations to show that single optimization consists of several simulations. As well as, oval oval wrap sensitivity analysis optimization, sensitivity analysis consists of several optimization (http://www.homerenergy.com/software.html).

II.6. Overview Aspects of Cost

II.6.1.Biaya Life Cycle (Life Cycle Cost / LCC)

Lifecycle costs of a system are all costs incurred by a system for life. In the solar systems, life cycle costs (LCC) is determined by the present value of the total cost of solar systems consisting of initial investment costs, long-term costs for maintenance and operation as well as the cost of replacing the battery (Foster et al, 2010). Life cycle costs (LCC) is determined by the following formula:

LCC = C + MPW + RPW (2.13)

Where :

LCC = Cost of the life cycle (Life Cycle Cost)

C = cost of the initial investment (initial cost incurred to

the purchase of components for solar installation costs and other costs such as fees for shelf support.

MPW = Cost begin now for the total cost of maintenance and

n operations during the year or during the life of the project

RPW = fee for the cost of replacing the present value to be

incurred over the life of the project. An example is the cost for replacement batteries.

II.6.2 Energy Costs (Cost Of Energy / COE)

Energy costs is the ratio between the total annual cost of the system with the energy produced during the same period (Wengqiang et al., 2004). Seen from an economic standpoint, the cost of solar power energy different from the energy costs for conventional generation (Nafeh, 2009). This is because the cost of solar power energy, influenced by costs such as:

The initial cost (cost of capital) is high.

There is no charge for fuel.

Maintenance and operational costs low.

Low replacement costs (mainly just for the battery).

II.6.3.Net Present Cost (NPC)

The economic value plays an important role in the simulation process HOMER, where the natural process of the operation will look for system configuration with a total net present cost (Net Present Cost / NPC), the lowest. Renewable energy sources and non-renewable energy sources have characteristics different costs. Renewable energy sources have high capital costs and low operating costs, whereas conventional non-renewable energy sources have low capital costs and high operating costs. In this optimization process will be taken into account all costs including the cost of the life cycle costs of equipment and others (Saleh Siswantoro 2010).

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV.1. Potential wind and sun insolation

IV.1.1. Wind Speed ​​Data

The data used was obtained from the Meteorological Agency, Klimatolgi and Geophysics (BMKG) Cilacap is the wind speed data measured using the anemometer at a height of 10 meters above the ground. Planning Power Bayu (PLTB) is assumed to use a tower height of 30 meters, so as to determine the wind speed at the height can be approached using the equation following wind speed shear profile.

V_h = V_ref (h / h_ref) ^ α

Where: V_h = wind speed at any particular height (m / s)

V_ref = wind speed measurement results early (m / s)

h = altitude winds will be calculated (m)

h_ref = height measurements were taken early (m)

α = coefficient of friction profile (0,1)

The coefficient of friction profile (α) is worth 0.1 because PLTB assumed to be in the beach area which is an open area.

Here's a conversion table the average wind speed per month in 2012 from a height of 10 meters (measurement) to 30 meters (tall tower turbine).

Based on the above data, the average wind speed in Cilacap in 2012 to a height of 30 meters vary between 1.6 m / s to 3.7 m / s. The lowest average speed occurred in January at 1.6 m / s and the highest average in July, reaching 3.7 m / s.

Here is a graphic display of the average speed of wind per month in 2012 in Cilacap in Cilacap BMKG.

Figure 4.1 above shows the potential of wind energy in Cilacap in 2012 based on monthly average speed in meters per second (m / s). Blue chart for wind speeds at a height of 10 meters while the red for the wind speed at a height of 30 meters.

Wind characteristic data such as wind speed and duration in a year is needed to determine the potential of wind energy in Cilacap. Wind speeds will be used to determine wind power in Cilacap, while the energy produced can be analyzed by summing all power to each wind speed that has been multiplied by the duration of one year.

Based on table 4.2 above known variations of wind speed at a height of 10 meters for one year in Cilacap. Wind speed variations that occur based on data from BMKG Cilacap is 0 to 21 knots. Because homer using wind velocity using velocity in meters persekon the speed in knots is first converted into units of meters persekon, where a value of 1 knot equals 0.514444444 m / s. To clarify the characteristics of duration and wind speed in Cilacap in 2012, are shown in the following chart.        

Based on table 4.2 above, the lowest speed is 0 m / s with a duration of 2409 hours / year and the highest 12.06 m / s with a duration of 1 hour / year. Wind speed data can be used as a basis in selecting the type of turbine that will be used. The average velocity of wind in Cilacap is relatively low, so it takes the turbine to the characteristics of the low cut-in order to exploit the potential of existing wind. In order tuirbin not damaged when the maximum wind speed, the turbine with the characteristics required cut-out above 12.639 m / s.

In this study used turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW with a cut-in 3 m / s and the cut-out does not exist. Also used Polaris 25 kW turbine cut-in value of 3.5 m / s and the cut-out 17 m / s. Both wind turbines that are used have to meet the requirements because it has a low cut-in and cut-out values ​​above the maximum speed in Cilacap.

IV.1.2. Solar insolation data

Data solar radiation (solar insollation) is very important in designing solar power where the availability of solar energy in locations determine the predictive calculation of electric energy production in a given period. For the final project of this magnitude insolation sun obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy in software HOMER ie the input layout area purwokerto which has latitude 7 ° 44 'S and longitude 109 ° 1' E and will in the data obtained from insolation sun year / hours will be calculated by the software HOMER thus obtained average solar insolation per month for one year. Figure 4.3 shows the data display solar insolation values ​​on a worksheet HOMER used as primary data.

 IV.2. Energy Production PLTH (Wind-Solar) capacity of 100 kW

In this discussion will be calculated the total energy that can be produced by a PLTH (Wind-Solar) with an installed capacity of 100 kW with the distribution of 50:50 between the capacity of the wind (PLTB) and solar (PLTS) using turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW per unit with Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) per unit, as well as Polaris turbine 25 kW per unit with Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) per unit. Calculation of electric energy production is done using an approach by looking at the data characteristics of each wind turbine passage and the PV modules are used.

IV.2.1. Energy production using turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW with Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

In the estimate of the amount of energy that can be produced using PLTH capacity of 100 kW wind turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) is necessary to know in advance the output characteristics of the wind turbine and PV modules. Here is the power output characteristic curve (power curve) of the wind turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW according to the data in HOMER.

Based on data from the output characteristics of the energy produced by the turbine capable BWC Excel-S 10 kW above, it can be seen the power output for each of the average speed per hour in Cilacap to determine the total energy produced. Below is a table of the characteristics of energy output for wind speed variation during the year 2012 in Cilacap as follows.

Based on table 4.3 above, the power generated by wind turbines of type BWC Excel-S 10 kW increases with wind velocity acting on the turbine. To see more clearly its characteristics, it is shown a graph of output power turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW as follows.

 The amount of electrical energy that can be produced by a turbine unit BWC Excel-S 10 kW in one year amounted to 1,981,359 Wh. If the planned thermal power station with a capacity of 50 kW or use 10 turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, then the total energy that can be produced by the thermal power station is obtained by multiplying the amount of energy per unit multiplied by the number of turbines used.

The total energy = energy turbine X 1 Number of turbines

= 1,981,359 Wh / yr x 5

= 9906.7 kWh / yr

Based on the calculations, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced thermal power station installed capacity of 50 kW using 5 pieces of wind turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW is 9906.7 kWh in 2012.

While the potential of solar power / solar can be obtained using the following equation:

P_array = E_T / insolation x adjustment factor

Where

P_array = PV array capacity required (Wp)

E_T = total energy of the system as required (Wh)

Insolation = average insolation per month (kWh / m ^ 2 / day)

From the above equation can be modified to determine the total energy of the system that are not required (Wh) of solar systems that will be designed so that rumusanya be as follows:

E_T = (P_array x insolation) / (adjustment factor)

So that the total amount of energy in getting the system that are not required by the PV installed capacity of 50 kWp as follows:

E_T = (P_array x insolation) / (adjustment factor)

E_T = (50,000 x 4.66) / 1.1

= 211,818.18 Wh / day

= 211,818.18 Wh x 365 days

= 77,313,635.7 Wh / year

= 77313.6 kWh / year

Insolation data used in the above equation is the average monthly insolation of data within one year obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy at the HOMER software. Based on the above calculation, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced by solar power installed capacity of 50 kW using Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is 211,818.18 Wh / day or equal to 77.3136 kWh / year.

So the total energy production from the PLTH using 5 pieces of wind turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) is as follows:

E_ (total) = E_ (PLTB) + E_ (PLTS)

 = 9906.7 kWh + 77.3136 kWh

 = 87220.3 kWh / year

IV.2.2. Energy production using Polaris turbines 25kW with Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

As well as on the use of Turbi BWC Excel-S 10 kW, 25 kW turbine Polaris is also necessary to know in advance the output characteristics of the wind turbine and PV modules. Here are the characteristics of the output power of 25 kW turbine Polaris.

Based on the characteristic curve of electrical energy generated by the turbine is capable of 25 kW of the Polaris type, capable of calculating the energy generated by a thermal power station with a capacity of 50 kW using 2 Polaris 25 kW turbines. Here are the results of calculations of energy for each turbine.

According to the table 4.4 on Polaris turbine energy output above 25 kW, the energy can be produced by a wind turbine types Polaris 25 kW at an altitude of 30 meters when applied in the Turtle Bay area of ​​Cilacap is about wh 19.08412 million per year. To see the characteristics of the output power of 25 kW turbine Polaris, the Polaris turbine energy output according to the table it was brought into the following chart.

If the thermal power station which was built with a capacity of 50 kW installed uses 2 types of Polaris 25 kW turbine, then the total energy that can be produced by the thermal power station is as follows.

The total energy = energy turbine X 1 Number of turbines = 19.08412 million wh / yr X 2 = 38168.2 kWh / yr

Based on the calculations, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced thermal power station installed capacity of 50 kW wind turbine uses 2 types of Polaris 25 kW was 38168.2 kWh / yr in 2012.

Furthermore, to obtain the amount of production of solar power installed capacity of 50 kW will use a PV module similar to that used in the turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW, so the total energy produced by solar power installed capacity of 50 kW using Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M -250) is 77.3136 kWh / year.

So the total energy production from the PLTH uses 2 types of Polaris 25 kW turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is as follows:

E_ (total) = E_ (PLTB) + E_ (PLTS) = 38168.2 kWh + 77.3136 kWh = 115,481.6 kWh / year

IV.3. Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250)

IV.3.1. Imposition Planning

In the planning for PLTH solar wind loading capacity of 100 kW uses the assumption that the value derived from the average daily energy which is assumed to approach the real load profiles daily. So to obtain the average energy per day are as follows:

E_h = E_total / 365

= (87220.3 kWh) / 365 = 238.9 kWh / day

However, in an estate of his, as a source of energy, namely wind turbines and modules pv connected to the converter and the battery which each of these components memp / unyai efficiency value which resulted in the energy losses so that the data load to be assumed to be reduced by energy losses so that it will approach the calculation of the actual state of the PLTH system. From the specification of the data used for the converter and the battery in the planning PLTH this time has a value losses of 3% to 14% for the converter and the battery. Following the calculation of its energy losses:

E_losses = losses losses converter + battery

E_losses = 3% x 14% x E_h + E_h

E_losses = 3% + 14% x 238.9 x 238.9

E_losses = 7.17 + 33.44

E_losses = 40.61 kWh / day

Furthermore, from the results above we can calculate the average daily load as follows:

E_load = E_h - E_losses

E_load = 238.9 kWh / day- 40.61 kWh / day

E_load = 198.29 kWh / day

Then the average daily load will be entered into Homer as load profile PLTH system to be designed. Here the authors intend to share the burden of the daily average calculated above into the data load per hour so that it can be processed into a homer. For the determination of the characteristics of the load will be determined by approaching the load profile for use in home stay as assumptions Herein is the area of ​​residence gulf coast turtle Cilacap, namely the determination of peak load and base load calculations using the data daily average mentioned above , Here is the calculation of peak load and base load profiles for input load on PLTH:

LF = P_AV / P_Peak

P_AV = E_load / (24 hour)

P_AV = (198.29 kWh) / (24 hour)

P_AV = 8.2 kW

P_Peak = P_AV / LF

P_Peak = (8.2 kW) / 0.6

P_Peak = 13.7 kW

Where :

P_Peak = Peak load to be entered into a homer (kW)

P_AV = average load per day (kW)

LF = Load Factor / load factor for residential load profile (0.6)

Nantinyya peak load above will be entered into the homer to load profiles from 17:00 till 22:00 hours or in other words for 5 hours. So it can be calculated the total energy at peak load in one day is 13.7 kW x 5 hours = 68.5 kWh.

Based on the results above the peak load can be calculated also load essentially by the following equation:

P_base = (E_load- E_Peak) / (Base hour)

P_base = (198.29 kWh- 68.5 kWh) / (19 hour)

P_base = = (129.8 kWh) / (19 hour)

P_base = 6.83 kW

Where :

P_base = base load to be entered into a homer (kW)

E_load = total daily load energy (kWh)

E_Peak = total peak load day (kWh)

Base hour = amount of time to input the base load in a day (hour)

So for input load profile on the homer is the peak load of 13.7 kW to 17.00 until 22.00 hours or over 5 hours and a basic load of 6.83 kW for the rest of the hour in addition to the peak load that is other than 17.00 until 22.00 or for 19 hours in a day.

IV.3.2. The converter design

The converter is in khamr is a component that is able to work as an inverter and rectifier. Inverters are expected in this system is capable of changing the electrical inverter direct current (DC) from the battery electricity storage into alternating current (AC) as required by the load capacity. While rectifier expected at this PLTH should be able to distribute the power output of the turbine which has been used to directly supply the load is stored in the battery. So of theories that have been used as a basis, the authors use the following equation:

C_ (k) ≥ P_load

Where :

C_ (k) = Capacity Converter (kW)

P_load = average load power (kW)

From the above equation writer wants a reliable converter which can supply the load if the main energy source, namely the turbine and PV modules do not produce because of various factors so as to supply the load will be charged entirely by batteries that will be converted from DC to AC load load. So the converter as above-setting system will not suffer when the load is not well supplied during the battery still has sufficient energy to supply the load even if the primary energy source does not produce electrical energy. As for the magnitude of these converters on the type PLTH that uses wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is equal burden imposed and has been calculated in the previous discussion that is greater than 198, 29 kWh. In planning Homer authors use a converter with a capacity of 200 kWh.

IV.3.3. Planning Batteries

The batteries used are assumed to be a battery Hoppecke 20 OPZS 2500 with the following characteristics.

Table 4. Characteristics 5 Battery

Description Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500

Abbreviation H2500

Manufacturer Hoppecke

Nominal capacity 2500 Ah

Nominal voltage 2 V

Round trip efficiency 86%

Min. State of charge 30%

Float life 20 yrs

Max. Charge rate of 1 A / Ah

Max. Charge current 508 A

Lifetime throughput 8523 kWh

Suggested value of 8510 kWh

The battery used has a bus voltage of 2 volts and a capacity of 2500 Ah. The amount of battery capacity that is used for these systems can be calculated using the following equation. Q_tot = (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η)

= (238.9 kWh x 3) / (2 x 0.7 x 0.86)

= 595,265.7 Ah Where: Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh) E_h = Number of daily total energy (kWh)

a = autonomic desired day (day)

DOD = deep discharge of the battery V_s = battery voltage (volts)

From the above equation is found autonomday for 3 days. This means that when a full battery condition, the battery can supply the load requirement for 3 days even though there was no wind or solar insolation at all. Then the amount of DOD is determined by (1 - minimum state of charge), where the value of the minimum state of charge of the battery Hoppecke is 30% so the DOD be 1-30%, or by 70%. To determine the number of batteries that can be used the following equation:

n = Q_tot / (Q_bat)

n = (595,265.7 Ah) / 2500

n = 238.1

n = 239

Based on the above calculation, the minimum amount of batteries that must be provided in the draft PLTH is 239 batteries. Converter which is assumed to use a working voltage of 220 volts, so that the battery needs to be done in a serial configuration so that the DC bus voltage to 220 Vdc.

N_s = V_dc / V_bat

N_s = 220/2

N_s = 110 Where: N_s = number of batteries in a series V_dc = desired DC bus voltage (volts) V_bat = nominal battery voltage (volts)

Based on the above calculation, can specify the number of strings to PLTH this is as much as three strings, so the number of batteries to be used are as many as 330 pieces of batteries necessary for the appropriate calculation is minimal battery 239.

IV.3.4. Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) on HOMER

Planning PLTH be simulated in software homer to see whether the plan might be to run. It is also to look at some other parameters such as total energy produced, capital cost PLTH development and so forth. Here is the sequence of simulation PLTH use softaware homer. Components provision PLTH

The first step in order to simulate PLTH planning is to select the components needed by selecting items add / remove then a check mark (v) on the components that will be input to the simulation of Homer.

For inputting PLTH component will be selected using this homer Primary components of Load 1, Wind Turbine 1, PV 1, Converter and Battery 1. System PLTH be made PLTH assumed a stand alone system, it is planning to use homer selected "Do not model of the grid" as seen in the picture above inputting stage. Wind turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW

Furthermore, the authors will choose a wind turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW wind turbine which is made by the manufacturer BWC Excel-S 10 kW. This turbine is a turbine with a capacity of 10 kW AC as shown in the above image display. Selection of this wind turbine cut-in value due to lower turbine (2.5 m / s) so that it can produce energy even if the wind speed is low.

Enter information in the price and number of turbines are used, carried out by menginputkannya in the table Cost and Size columns to Consider available on the display homer. Wind turbine price given is USD 52 196. This price is the price of a set of wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW BWC Excel models with a capacity of 10 kW and 10/60-type monopole tower with a height of 30 meters (100 ft). This price is based on the list price of components provided by BWC Excel-S 10 kW, where the price of the turbine type is USD 31 770 and monopole tower 30 meters high was USD 20 426.

In addition to wind turbines capital, there are also Replacement and O & M (operation and maintenance). Provision of information is done so that the cost can homer perform cost calculations so as to provide detailed information on the costs PLTH we design. Operation and maintenance of wind turbines assumed USD 1,565 or about ± 3% in a year.

Then towards the column labeled size to Consider. This column is a column that contains the number of wind turbines that may be applied in PLTH system. Because of this PLTH assumed for thermal power station and solar power are inversely 50: 50 for the installed capacity of this turbine, Size to Consider to be fed 5 so that the installed turbine capacity is 50 kW turbines use 5 BWC Excel-S 10 kW.

In planning these wind turbines also need to enter information lifetime / lifetime of the wind turbine and hub height / height of the tower is used. Lifetime of the turbine is 35 years old, this is in accordance with the information received that this turbine has a lifetime of up to 35 years. Then the tower height is 30 meters are used, this is the height of the pivot point of the wind turbine to the ground. The height of the wind turbines will affect the wind acting on the turbine and the electrical energy produced. Here are the specifications of the turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW:

Specifications Table 4. 6 wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW

AWEA Rated Power 8.9 kW at 11 m / s (24.6 mph)

AWEA Rated Sound Level 42.9 dB (A)

AWEA Rated Annual Energy 13,800 kWh at 5 m / s (11 mph)

Start-up wind speed of 3.4 m / s

Cut-in wind speed of 2.5 m / s

Nominal Power 10 kW

Cut-Out Wind Speed ​​-

Furling Wind Speed ​​15.6 m / s (35 mph)

Max. Design Wind Speed ​​60 m / s (134 mph)

Type 3 Blade Upwind

Rotor Diameter 7 m (23 ft)

Blade Pitch Control None, Fixed Pitch

Overspeed Protection Autofurl

Gearbox None, Direct Drive

Temperature Range - 40 to + 60 Celsius

Permanent Magnet Generator Alternator

Output Form 3 Phase AC

Variable Frequency 240 VAC, 1o, 60 Hz or 220 VAC, 1o, 50 Hz with Powersnyc II inverter

Produce 16000-20000 kWh / yr with 12 mph avg. Wind speed

Price $ 52,196 (tower 30 m hub height) Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

Selection of the type of module on Homer software is by selecting the PV component on items add / remove. Here is a view in the selection pv modules in Homer:

Pv to input some of the characteristics indicated on the display above Homer we need to know the specification of PV modules that will be used, namely Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). With a price range of US $ 0.5-0.8 / watt, then due to solar power installed capacity is 50 kWp, the calculation of the total is US $ 40,000 for a capacity of 50 kWp. As for the Operating and Maintenance is assumed at 3% of the nominal price of the module in order to obtain O & M cost of US $ 53. Here are the specifications of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250):

Table 4. 7 Specifications Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

Module Type S / M-250

Maximum Power at ST (Pmax) 250Wp

Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp) 30.8v

Maximum Power Current (Imp) 8.11A

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.2V

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.7A

Cell Efficiency (%) 17.8%

Module Efficiency (%) 17.1%

Operating TemperatureºC -40ºCto + 85ºC

Maximum system voltage 1000V (IEC) DC

Maximum series fuse rating 15A

Power tolerance -0.03

Temperature coefficients of Pmax -0.45% / ºC

Voc Temperature coefficients of -0.27% / ºC

Temperature coefficients of Isc of 0.05% / ºC

Weight (kg) 20.5

Number of Cell (pcs) 6 * 10

Dimensions (mm) 1650 * 992 * 45 200 kW Converter

In planning the converter will be used to PLTH converters with a capacity of 240 kWh. According to previous research by Abi Taufiq (2013) and data Bunaken Marine Corps (2010), the price of the converter is USD 645 / kW. For the converter capacity of 240 kW, the price is USD 154 800. Lifetime of the converter is assumed 15 years with efficiency for the inverter input rectifier is 98% and is 96%.

The battery used is a battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah. In theory, this battery will be able to supply the load with a maximum current of 125 Amperes for 20 hours. But in fact will greatly influenced the efficiency of the battery itself.

According to the data sheet of batteries Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 is estimated prices range from £ 794.63 but because preformance Homer the currency used is the US dollar (US $), the price of the battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 in units of pounds are converted into units of US dollars, so the price equivalent to US $ 1,300 due to 1 pound is equal to 1,635 US dollars.

Batteries per string corresponding calculation designed to bus voltage of 220 volts corresponding input so that batteries per string inverter were 110 for nominal voltage of 2 volts battery. While the size to Consider a number of string arrangement is provided in order to be able to calculate the homer system combinations are possible. At this time the plan is provided from 1 to 3 serial battery due to the needs of the battery according to calculations reached 239 batteries. Imposition PLTH

PLTH load planning system is based on the assumption derived from the average daily energy that has been taken into account in it losses its energy. Then to determine the input profile to homer on the assumption determination of peak load and base load calculations using load factor (load factor) of 0.6 (for the load profile residential / residential) is the input peak at 17.00 to 22.00 , besides at that time are inputted base load that has been previously calculated. The following planning software loading on Homer:

To run a simulation PLTH homer need to enter data on wind speed. Such data can be inputted manually or imported from a data series. Wind speed data that is imported on a homer wind speed data in Cilacap in 2012 from BMKG Cilacap. Wind speed data is made in the order of an hour in the form of a notepad. The data will be used as a sequence of hourly wind speeds for a year, which means there are 8760 hours of data series. The wind speed data is measured wind speed data using annemometer with a height of 10 meters. Here is the wind speed input data to the homer.

The importation of data on the actual homer software are data on average hourly wind speed during 2012, but the homer can calculate and display the data into the monthly average for the year. Constraint

On this item we can arrange some coercion against the system that we simulate. Here is a display item constraint on Homer:

Figure 4. 16 Views constraint on Homer

In this constraint variable set value annual maximum cutting capacity by 5%. This shows that in one year occurred deduction is allowed a maximum load capacity of 5% of the total load.

 IV.3.5. Simulation results MHP with turbine BWC Excel-R 10kW

The simulation results of a homer in accordance with the calculation in planning PLTH which has been calculated previously because it can be seen that found the number of wind turbines is 5 pieces, as many as 220 pieces of batteries, converter capacity of 40 kW. Homer simulation results can also be from several sides as follows: Cost Summary

Homer software contained in the details of the cost of the plan was designed. Here are the details view PLTH planning costs are:

From the picture we can see a summary of the cost, so can we describe the details of the fee as follows:

From table 4.8 above it can be seen that for the PLTH planning requires an initial capital of US $ 612.780. Then to the cost of replacement parts that have been damaged can not be used or is of US $ 99.942, while the cost of operation and maintenance of components amounted to US $ 223.428. Furthermore, within the process of this PLTH project is for 25 years, will be found the components that still have the resale price. Homer has calculated all of US $ 58.151. So based on the calculation of the amount of each of the sub-section can be calculated the total amount of this PLTH planning costs amounted to US $ 877.999. Cash Flow

There homer in software tools that can display details of the flow of charge by showing information such as usage charges made against PLTH during the project.

From the picture above we can see that the nominal capital / capital occurred in the year 0 as the first step in planning PLTH. Operation and maintenance occurs every year during this PLTH undertake production activities. Substitution of components occurred in the year to 15 for the converter and the 20th year for battery. As for the resale price of used components seen at 25 or at the end of the production Masaa PLTH this project.

 Electrical

Homer in the simulation there is also a tool that displays the results of electricity or electrical. Here's how it looks:

In the simulation results of electricity over some information can be described as follows:

Table 4. 9 Details of the simulation results PLTH electricity using turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW

Quantity kWh / yr%

Pv array production 73 315 86

Wind turbine production 11 458 14

AC primary load consumption 71 074 100

Excess electricity 7.67 6503

Unmet electricity load 831 1.16

Capacity shortage 3.76 2704

Production is large total energy production by PV modules with an installed capacity of 50 kWp and also turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW of 5 pieces. Stated that the total production of energy by the second energy source in the simulation homer amounted to 84 774 kWh / year. While the calculations have been done earlier, the total amount of energy that can be produced by pv modules with an installed capacity of 50 kWp and also turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW of 5 pieces amounted to 87220.3 kWh / year. To determine the percentage error of the data may be subject to the following calculation:

% Error = (87220.3 to 84,774) /87.220,3 x 100% = 2446.3 / 87220.3 x 100% = 0,028 x 100% = 2.8%

From the calculation above it can be concluded that the plan has a fairly good approximation to the simulation calculation results in carrying homer so that planning can be used as a reference in the simulation process because the data and the results are valid.

Consumption shows the amount of total energy consumption in PLTH for one year. PLTH energy consumption in the form of AC loads only primary (primary AC load). The magnitude of this value depends on the input daily load and capacity shortage at the time of planning.

Excess electricity shows the amount of excess electrical energy on PLTH for a year. The electrical energy generated is used to supply the load and the rest of the energy will be stored in the battery, when the battery is in full condition, there will be excess electricity. To reduce the amount of excess electricity can be done by increasing the electrical load and increase battery kapasitsas, but this will affect the capital of PLTH.

Unmet electric load shows the total electrical load which can not be fulfilled by PLTH within one year. The value is also affected by the amount of loading and capacity of the battery used. The greater the load the greater the unmet electric load for the same battery capacity. The magnitude of this value is 831 kWh / yr or 1.16% of the total load.

Capacity shortage shows the magnitude of the cutting load capacity for one year. The magnitude of this value depends on the magnitude of the maximum load capacity cuts assumptions on variable when planning constraints. The magnitude of this value is 2704 kWh / yr or 3.76% of the total load.

Renewable fraction indicates the value of the renewable fraction. The value is usually determined by the homer. At this time the system of values ​​is 1 Turbine renewable fraction BWC Excel-S

In the simulation homer there are also tools that display simulation for turbine parts BWC Excel-S, the following zoom in homer:

Based on the simulation results for the turbine BWC Excel-S above can be described the following information:

Table 4. Results of the simulation with turbine 10 BWC Excel-S

Quantity Value Units

The total rated capacity of 50 kW

Mean output of 1.3 kW

Capacity factor of 2.62%

Total production 11 458 kWh / yr

The minimum output of 0 kW

Maximum output of 40.1 kW

Wind penetration 15.9%

Hours of operation 5645 hr / yr

Levelized cost of $ 2.42 / kWh

Total rated capacity is the total capacity of the entire turbine BWC Excel-S. Every single unit of the turbine has a nominal capacity of 10 kW so to 5 turbine in this system will have a total capacity of 50 kW on average.

Mean output shows the average output of all power plants (wind turbines) in one year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 1.3 kW. This value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the data source has an average wind speed is small and there are many hours no wind at all so that the turbines can not produce electricity.

Capacity factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of the turbine BWC Excel-S. Because the average output of the turbine BWC Excel-S is 1.3 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the capacity factor of the system is approximately 2.62%. The higher the value, the more good capacity factor of the PLTH system and the energy generated is also greater.

Total production on the simulation result shows the total production of energy generated by wind turbines BWC Excel-S for one year. The amount of electrical energy production for one year this system is 11 458 kWh / year.

Minimum output on the results of this simulation shows the smallest amount of power output during the year by BWC Excel-S turbine. The minimum value output occurred at the lowest wind speeds, ie when the wind speed of 0 m / s (no wind) so that the minimum value of the output is also 0 kW.

Maximum output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power output of the turbine BWC Excel-S. This occurs when the value of the highest wind speed work rotating wind turbines. Of the wind speed data is used, the highest wind speeds in 2012 was 12.64 m / s for an hour. By the time the wind speed 12.64 m / s this is the case the maximum output value of 40.1 kW.

Wind penetration percentages show the amount of penetration of wind turbine BWC Excel-S. This value is derived from the average energy produced by wind turbines during the year divided by the average load PLTH served for a year. On this result the value of wind penetration is 15.9%.

Hours of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at BWC Excel-S turbine is 5645 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate electricity for 5645 hours. This value indicates the duration of the winds that may work rotating wind turbines.

Levelized cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH which uses a turbine unit 5 BWC Excel-S, the amount COE is $ 2.42 / kWh. This value is quite large because energy prices are still expensive. PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

In the simulation homer there are also tools that display the simulation to parts namely Module 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), zoom in homer following:

Based on the simulation results for the turbine BWC Excel-S above can be described the following information:

Table 4. 11 The simulation results with 250W PV Module CE (S / M-250)

Quantity Value Units

The total rated capacity of 50 kW

Mean output of 8.4 kW

Capacity factor of 16.7%

Total production 73 315 kWh / yr

The minimum output of 0 kW

Maximum output of 50.1 kW

PV penetration 85.8%

Hours of operation 4,431 hr / yr

Levelized cost of $ 0.0434 / kWh

Total rated capacity is the total capacity of all PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). Every single unit module has a nominal capacity of 250 W so that the required modules as many as 200 pieces to achieve an average total capacity of 50 kW peak.

Mean output shows the average output of all generating units (PV modules) in one year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 8.4 kW. This value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the solar insolation data sources has an average intensity of radiation is small and the rising sun that are limited during the day until late afternoon so that PV modules can not produce electrical energy.

Capacity factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). Because the average output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) is a 8.4 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the capacity factor of the system is approximately 16.7%. The higher the value, the more good capacity factor of the PLTH system and the energy generated is also greater.

Total production on the simulation result shows the total production of the energy produced by the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) for one year. The amount of electrical energy production for one year this system is 73 315 kWh / year.

Minimum output on the results of this simulation show the amount of power output during the year by the smallest 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). The minimum value of the output occurs when the smallest solar insolation, which is when the intensity of the sun is 0 (no sun) so that the minimum value of the output is also 0 kW.

Maximum output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). This occurs when the value of the largest solar insolation work on pv modules. Solar insolation data is used, the largest solar insolation is 5.190 kWh / m / d in September. At this moment occurs the maximum output value is 50.1 kW.

Wind penetration percentages show the amount of solar radiation penetration in the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). This value is derived from the average energy produced PV modules during the year divided by the average load PLTH served for a year. On this result the value of wind penetration is 85.8%.

Hours of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) is 4,431 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate electricity for 4,431 hours.

Levelized cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH who use 200 units 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), the magnitude of COE is $ 0.0434 / kWh. Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah

Here are the results of a simulation for battery components that use type battery Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500:

Based on the above picture we can describe some of the information to the results of the simulation result which uses battery type battery Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500 as follows:

Table 4. 12 The simulation results on PLTH battery with turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW

Quantity Value Units

String size 110 Unit

strings in parallel 2

Batteries 220 Unit

Bus voltage of 220 Volt

Nominal capacity of 1,100 kWh

Usable 770 kWh nominal capacity

Autonomy 79 Hr

Lifetime throughput 1.87506 million kWh

Battery wear cost of $ 0.164 / kWh

Average energy cost of $ 0000 / kWh

Energy in 50 504 kWh / yr

Energy out 44 281 kWh / yr

Storage depletion 770 kWh / yr

Losses 5453 kWh / yr

Annual throughput of 47 749 kWh / yr

Expected life 20 Yr

String size indicates the size / number of batteries in one serial. Size string value of this system is 110, which means there are 110 battery in the battery serial.

Strings in parallel shows the serial number contained in the parallel arrangement of the battery. This value is 2, which means there are 2 serial arrangement in parallel batreai.

Bateries shows the total battery used by PLTH. Bateries value on the simulation result is 220, which means there are 220 batteries used in PLTH. This value is a multiplication of the value of the string size with strings in parallel (110 x 2 = 220).

Bus voltage is the magnitude of the DC bus voltage caused by battery configurations are made. The magnitude of the bus voltage is proportional to the value of the nominal battery voltage multiplied by the number of batteries per string. In the simulation results PLTH system's DC bus voltage is 220 volts, this value is comparable to 110 x 2 volts.

Nominal capacity is the value of the nominal capacity of the battery. This value is comparable to the number of times the battery capacity of the battery. At this project is 220 multiplied by 5 kWh battery so that the nominal capacity is 1,100 kWh.

Usable capacity is nominal rated capacity that can be used to supply the load. Due to the characteristics of the battery has a minimum state of charge is 30%, then the usable capacity is 70% of its nominal capacity. (0.7 x 550 kWh = 385 kWh).

Autonomy indicates how long the battery can supply the load until the maximum limit. Autonomy is the ratio of the size of the battery bank compared with the average electrical load. On the results of this simulation value adalalah 79 hour autonomy.

Lifetime show the overall throughput of energy that can circulate in a battery before the battery is experiencing change, regardless of the depth of the circular energy per unit of battery. On the results of this simulation, the throughput is the lifetime value of 1.875.06 kWh.

Battery wear costs shows the cost of battery consumption in the system. These are costs that occur circular energy in batteries. In the simulation results with a homer, wear batery value of this cost is $ 0.164 / kWh.

Energy in show the amount of energy that goes into the battery. This energy comes from the rest of the energy produced by the wind turbine and PV modules are not used directly to meet the needs of the load. The amount of energy in the results of this simulation is 50 504 kWh / yr.

Energy outs show the amount of energy released from the battery to supply the load. This condition occurs when the turbine and PV modules do not generate electricity, then the battery will issue its energy savings to meet the load requirements. The amount of energy out on the results of this simulation is 8,323 kWh / yr.

Storage depletion or running out of storage shows the amount of energy that is not well supplied by a battery for one year because of insufficient battery energy reserves. When the turbine is not producing energy and energy savings in battery is not enough to serve the load then there was a depletion of storage. Value storage depletion on the results of this simulation is 770 kWh / yr.

Losses show the amount of energy loss that occurs in the battery for one year. The larger the value, the more losses this energy storage system is not good. Losses in the value of this battery is 5453 kWh / yr.

Annual throughput indicates the amount of energy that circulated for a year in the cycle of the battery. The magnitude of this value on the results of this simulation is 47 749 kWh / yr. Converter

The following display simulation results in the converter section homer:

From the above image information obtained as follows:

Table 4. 13 The simulation results on PLTH converters with turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Capacity of 40 to 40 kW

Mean output of 0.1 kW 7.0

Minimum Output 0 0 kW

Maximum output of 24.5 to 32.5 kW

Capacity factor 17.4 0.4%

Hours of operation 336 8,315 hrs / yr

Energy in 1346 62 310 kWh / yr

Energy 61 064 out of 1292 kWh / yr

Losses 1,246 54 kWh / yr

Capacity shows the nominal capacity of the converter contained in the system. The nominal capacity of the inverter and the rectifier are both 40 kW. Mean average output shows the energy expended by the converter. Mean inverter output is 7.0 kW and 0.1 kW rectifier also.

Minimum output an output value in the smallest energy converter. The minimum value for the output is 0 kW inverter and the rectifier is 0 kW. Both of these values ​​occur when the component is not working. Maximum output is the maximum output value ever experienced by the converter. Maximum output of the inverter is 24.5 kW while the rectifier is 32.5 kW. Conditions on the inverter maximum output indicates when the wind turbines did not generate electrical energy and meet the needs of the load carried by the battery, while the maximum output of the rectifier condition occurs when the wind turbine produces the maximum residual energy will be stored in the battery.

Capacity factor indicates the ratio of the loading capacity experienced by the converter. This value is the ratio of the mean output capacity. In the simulation results, value for converter capacity factor is 17.4% to 0.4% for the inverter and rectifier.

Hours of operation shows the duration of the operation of the converter. On the duration of the simulation results of operation of the inverter is 8,315 hour / yr while the rectifier is the 336 hour / yr. This shows that the inverter is more frequent than rectifier work within a year.

Energy in total energy intake showed the converter for one year. The amount of energy in is 62 310 kWh / yr for the inverter and 1,346 kWh / yr for the rectifier. Energy out is that out of the total energy converter. The amount of energy out is 61 064 kWh / yr for the inverter and 1,292 kWh / yr for the rectifier.

Losses shows the power losses that occur in converter for one year. The amount of losses is reduced by the amount of energy in energy out. The simulation results showed losses in the inverter is 1,246 kWh / yr and for the value of the rectifier losses is 54 kWh / yr.

IV.4. Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using Polaris 25 kW wind turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

In planning the PLTH will use turbines Polaris 25 kW and also Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250), move the discussion that is used as the planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). Some of the things that differentiates is the information input component, namely the use of wind turbines is the turbine type Polaris 25 kW as well as in determining the capacity converter is used and also a different number of batteries needed.

IV.4.1 Rational. Imposition Planning

PLTH loading planning to use Polaris 25 kW turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) will be done by finding the average daily load. The calculation is as follows.

E_h = E_total / 365

       = (115,481.6 kWh) / 365

       = 316.4 kWh / day

However, in an estate of his, as a source of energy, namely wind turbines and modules pv connected to the converter and the battery which each of these components has a value of efficiency that resulted in the energy losses so that the data load to be assumed to be reduced by energy losses so that it will approach the calculation of the actual state of the PLTH system. From the specification of the data used for the converter and the battery dala PLTH planning this time has a value losses of 3% to 14% for the converter and the battery. Following the calculation of its energy losses:

E_losses = losses losses converter + battery

E_losses = 3% x 14% x E_h + E_h

E_losses = 3% + 14% x 316.4 x 316.4

E_losses = 9.42 + 44.29

E_losses = 53.71 kWh / day

Furthermore, from the results above we can calculate the average daily load as follows:

E_load = E_h - E_losses

E_load = 316.4 kWh / day- 53.71 kWh / day

E_load = 262.6 kWh / day

Then the average daily load will be entered into Homer as load profile PLTH system to be designed. Here the authors intend to share the burden of the daily average calculated above into the data load per hour so that it can be processed into a homer. For the determination of the characteristics of the load will be determined by approaching the load profile for use in home stay as assumptions Herein is the area of ​​residence gulf coast turtle Cilacap, namely the determination of peak load and base load calculations using the data daily average mentioned above , Here is the calculation of peak load and base load profiles for input load on PLTH:

LF = P_AV / P_Peak

P_AV = E_load / (24 hour)

P_AV = (262.6 kWh) / (24 hour)

P_AV = 10.7 kW

P_Peak = P_AV / LF

P_Peak = (10.7 kW) / 0.6

P_Peak = 17.8 kW

Where :

P_Peak = Peak load to be entered into a homer (kW)

P_AV = average load per day (kW)

LF = Load Factor / load factor for residential load profile (0.6)

Eventually peak load above will be entered into the homer to load profiles from 17:00 till 22:00 hours or in other words for 5 hours. So it can be calculated the total energy at peak load in one day is 17.8 kW x 5 hour = 89.1 kWh.

Based on the results above the peak load can be calculated also load essentially by the following equation:

P_base = (E_load- E_Peak) / (Base hour)

P_base = (262.6 kWh- 89.1 kWh) / (19 hour)

P_base = = (173.5 kWh) / (19 hour)

P_base = 9.1 kW

Where :

P_base = base load to be entered into a homer (kW)

E_load = total daily load energy (kWh)

E_Peak = total peak load day (kWh)

Base hour = amount of time to input the base load in a day (hour)

So for input load profile on the homer is the peak load of 17.8 kW to 17.00 until 22.00 hours or over 5 hours and a basic load of 9.1 kW for the rest of the hour in addition to the peak load that is other than 17.00 until 22.00 or for 19 hours in a day.

IV.4.2. Planning converter

Planning is done as in the planning converter converters for use turbine system PLTH BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) that by imposing the following equation:

C_ (k) ≥ P_load

Where :

C_ (k) = Capacity Converter (kW)

P_load = average load power (kW)

From the above equation writer wants a reliable converter which can supply the load if the main energy source, namely the turbine and PV modules do not produce because of various factors so as to supply the load will be charged entirely by batteries that will be converted from DC to AC load load. So the determination of the converter as above the system will not suffer when the load is not well supplied during the battery still has sufficient energy to supply the load even if the primary energy source does not produce electrical energy. As for the magnitude of the converter on the type PLTH who use Polaris 25 kW wind turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) is equal burden imposed and has been calculated in the previous discussion that is greater than 262.6 kWh , In planning Homer authors use a converter with a capacity of 300 kWh.

IV.4.3. Planning Batteries

Batteries are used in the planning of this time together with the batteries used in the previous plan, namely battery Hoppecke 20 OPZS 2500. The amount of battery capacity that is used for these systems can be calculated using the following equation.

Q_tot = (E_h x a) / (V_s x DOD x η)

= (316.4 kWh x 3) / (2 x 0.7 x 0.86)

= 788,372.1 Ah

Where: Q_tot = total capacity of the battery energy (kWh)

E_h = Number of daily total energy (kWh)

a = autonomic desired day (day)

DOD = deep discharge of the battery

 V_s = battery voltage (volts)

From the above equation is found autonomday for 3 days. This means that when a full battery condition, the battery can supply the load requirement for 3 days even though there was no wind or solar insolation at all. Then the amount of DOD is determined by (1 - minimum state of charge), where the value of the minimum state of charge of the battery Hoppecke is 30% so the DOD be 1-30%, or by 70%. To determine the number of batteries that can be used the following equation:

n = Q_tot / (Q_bat)

n = (788,372.1 Ah) / 2500

n = 315.3

n = 316

Based on the above calculation, the minimum amount of batteries that must be provided in the draft PLTH is 316 batteries. Converter which is assumed to use a working voltage of 220 volts, so that the battery needs to be done in a serial configuration so that the DC bus voltage to 220 Vdc.

N_s = V_dc / V_bat

N_s = 220/2

N_s = 110

Where: N_s = number of batteries in a series

             V_dc = desired DC bus voltage (volts)

             V_bat = nominal battery voltage (volts)

Based on the above calculation, can specify the number of strings to PLTH this is as much as three strings, so the number of batteries to be used are as many as 330 pieces of batteries necessary for the appropriate calculation is minimal battery 316.

IV.4.4. Planning PLTH (wind-solar) using Polaris 25 kW wind turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) on HOMER

As well as on the planning PLTH (wind-solar) using wind turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250), this time the software will dsimulasikan homer to see whether the plan might be to run. It is also to look at some other parameters such as total energy produced, capital cost PLTH development and so forth. Here is the sequence of simulation PLTH use softaware homer.

1. Provision of Components PLTH

Here is a view in the planning stages include the use of software components homer:

For inputting PLTH component will be selected using this homer Primary components of Load 1, Wind Turbine 1, PV 1, Converter and Battery 1. System PLTH be made PLTH assumed a stand alone system, it is planning to use homer selected "Do not model of the grid" as seen in the picture above inputting stage.

2. Polaris 25 kW Wind Turbine

Unlike the previous plan, this time designed PLTH will use Polaris 25 kW wind turbine. For inputting turbine prices herein are included with the price of towernya so the total is 72 016 USD. This price is derived from the price of USD 51 770 turbines and a 30 meter monopole tower for USD 20,246. The amount supplied is the availability of 4 turbines that total capacity to 100 kW. Lifetime tower assumed to be 30 years old and 30 meters high tower used appropriate. Here are the specifications of the turbine Polaris 25 kW.

Specifications Table 4. 14 Polaris 25 kW wind turbine

Model P 12-25

Type Horizontal Axis

Upwind Diameter 12 m (39.4 ft)

Rated Power 25 kW

The cut-in speed of 2.7 m / s

Rated speed 10 m / s

Cut-out speed of 25 m / s

Material Fiberglass / Resin

Operating RPM 75 RPM

SWT Design Class IEC CLASS II

Design standard IEC 61400-2

Permanent magnet type generator

Rated generator power of 25 kW, 3 phase

Voltage 400 VAC

Nacelle weight of 2,329 kg

Price $ 72,016 (tower hub height 30 m)

Then towards the column labeled size to Consider. This column is a column that contains the number of wind turbines that may be applied in PLTH system. Because of this PLTH assumed for thermal power station and solar power are inversely 50: 50 for the installed capacity of this turbine, Size to Consider to be fed 2 so that the installed capacity is 50 kW turbine uses 2 Polaris 25 kW turbines.

3. Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

As in the previous plan, for pv modules used is 250W with CE Solar Module (S / M-250). Pv to input some of the characteristics indicated on the display above Homer we need to know the specification of PV modules that will be used, namely Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). With a price range of US $ 0.5-0.8 / watt, then due to solar power installed capacity is 50 kWp, the calculation of the total is US $ 40,000 for a capacity of 50 kWp. As for the Operating and Maintenance is assumed at 3% of the nominal price of the module in order to obtain O & M cost of US $ 53. Here are the specifications of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250):

Table 4. 15 Specifications Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

Module Type S / M-250

Maximum Power at ST (Pmax) 250Wp

Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp) 30.8v

Maximum Power Current (Imp) 8.11A

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.2V

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.7A

Cell Efficiency (%) 17.8%

Module Efficiency (%) 17.1%

Operating TemperatureºC -40ºCto + 85ºC

Maximum system voltage 1000V (IEC) DC

Maximum series fuse rating 15A

Power tolerance -0.03

Temperature coefficients of Pmax -0.45% / ºC

Voc Temperature coefficients of -0.27% / ºC

Temperature coefficients of Isc of 0.05% / ºC

Weight (kg) 20.5

Number of Cell (pcs) 6 * 10

Dimensions (mm) 1650 * 992 * 45

4. The converter 260 kW

In planning the converter will be used to PLTH converters with a capacity of 240 kWh. According to previous research by Abi Taufiq (2013) and data Bunaken Marine Corps (2010), the price of the converter is USD 645 / kW. For the converter capacity of 240 kW, the price is USD 154 800. Lifetime of the converter is assumed 15 years with efficiency for the inverter input rectifier is 98% and is 96%.

5. Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500

The battery used is a battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah. In theory, this battery will be able to supply the load with a maximum current of 125 Amperes for 20 hours. But in fact will greatly influenced the efficiency of the battery itself. According to the data sheet of batteries Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 is estimated prices range from £ 794.63 but because preformance Homer the currency used is the US dollar (US $), the price of the battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 in units of pounds are converted into units of US dollars, so the price equivalent to US $ 1,300 due to 1 pound is equal to 1,635 US dollars.

Batteries per string corresponding calculation designed to bus voltage of 220 volts corresponding input so that batteries per string inverter were 110 for nominal voltage of 2 volts battery. While the size to Consider a number of string arrangement is provided in order to be able to calculate the homer system combinations are possible. At this time the plan is provided from 1 to 3 serial battery because the battery needs according to the calculation reaches 310 batteries.

6. Imposition PLTH

PLTH load planning system is based on the assumption derived from the average daily energy that has been taken into account in it losses its energy. Then to determine the input profile to homer on the assumption determination of peak load and base load calculations using load factor (load factor) of 0.6 (for the load profile residential / residential).

7. Constraint

As in the previous plan, on these items we can set some coercion against the system that we simulate. In this constraint variable set value annual maximum cutting capacity by 5%. This shows that in one year occurred deduction is allowed a maximum load capacity of 5% of the total load.

IV.4.5 Simulation Results MHP with 25 kW Turbine Polaris Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

The simulation results of a homer nearing the calculation in planning PLTH which has been calculated previously because it can be seen that the number of wind turbines is found to be as much as 2 fruit, modules pv capacity of 50 kW, a battery of 220 pieces or it could be put on as many as 330 pieces, while for converters have many options because the input size to Consider its input multiple options so the simulations were also found plenty of choice with a minimum value for the simulation is 30 kW. Homer simulation results can also be from several sides as follows: Cost Summary

Based on the above image can be described the following information:

PLTH planning requires an initial capital of US $ 489,382. Then to the cost of replacement parts that have been damaged can not be used or is of US $ 97,250, while for the operating and maintenance costs are a component of US $ 127,233. Furthermore, within the process of this PLTH project is for 25 years, will be found the components that still have the resale price. Homer has calculated all of US $ 55,502. So based on the calculation of the amount of each of the sub-section can be calculated the total amount of this PLTH planning costs amounted to US $ 658,363 Cash Flow

Here's how the flow of costs that have been simulated by the homer:

Figure 4. Flow 35 PLTH costs with Polaris 25 kW turbines on homer

From the picture above we can see that the nominal capital / capital occurred in the year 0 as the first step in planning PLTH. Operation and maintenance occurs every year during this PLTH undertake production activities. Substitution of components occurs in tahunke 15 for the converter and the 20th year for battery. As for the resale price of used components seen at 25 or at the end of the production Masaa PLTH this project. Electrical

There are tools in the homer that describes the electrical information for PLTH system to be designed.

Table 4. 17 PLTH electrical simulation results with Polaris 25 kW turbines on homer

Quantity kWh / yr%

Pv array production 74 981 65

Wind turbine production 41 116 35

AC primary load consumption 89 898 100

Excess electricity 17 980 15.5

Unmet electricity load 3542 3.8

Capacity shortage 3542 3.8

Production is large total energy production by PV modules with an installed capacity of 50 kWp and 25 kW turbines Polaris much as 2 pieces. Stated that the total production of energy by the second energy source in the simulation homer amounted to 116 147 kWh / year. While the calculations have been done earlier, the total amount of energy that can be produced by pv modules with an installed capacity of 50 kWp and 25 kW turbines Polaris much as 2 pieces amounted to 115,481.6 kWh / year. To determine the percentage error of the data may be subject to the following calculation:

% Error = (from 116,147 to 115,481.6) /116.147 x 100% = 665.4 / 116 147 x 100% = 0.0057 x 100% = 0.57%

From the calculation above it can be concluded that the plan has a fairly good approximation to the simulation homer in the planning so that the results of calculations can be used as a reference in the simulation process because the data and the results are valid. Polaris 25 kW wind turbine

At this PLTH planning using Polaris 25 kW wind turbine.

Based on the above image obtained some information about Polaris turbines used in this PLTH as follows:

Table 4. Simulation results 18 Polaris 25 kW turbines on PLTH

Quantity Value Units

The total rated capacity of 50 kW

Mean output of 4.7 kW

Capacity factor 9.4%

Total production 41 166 kWh / yr

The minimum output of 0 kW

Maximum output of 56.6 kW

Wind penetration 44.1%

Hours of operation 4872 hr / yr

Levelized cost of $ 0.278 / kWh

Based on the table above we can see that the total capacity of 50 kW turbine aadalah where every single unit turbine has a nominal capacity of 25 kW so for two turbines in the system will generate a capacity of 50 kW. The average output is 4.7 kW turbine, while the capacity factor of 9.4%. Turbine type by 2 pieces Polaris is capable of producing energy by 41 166 kWh / year. Minimum and maximum output of each output is at 0 kW and 56.6 kW. This happens when the current wind speed minimum and maximum wind speed. Wind penetration in this thermal power station by 109%. PLTB operations generate electricity for 4872 hours in a year, the duration is shorter than in the previous project because of the cut-in of the turbine Polaris higher. Levelized cost of this turbine is $ 0.278 / kWh.

5. PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) Module 250W with CE (S / M-250)

Based on simulation results for pv module 250W with CE (S / M-250) on top of some information can be described as follows:

Table 4. 19 The simulation results with 250W PV Module CE (S / M-250)

Quantity Value Units

The total rated capacity of 50 kW

Mean output of 8.6 kW

Capacity factor of 17.1%

Total production 74 981 kWh / yr

The minimum output of 0 kW

Maximum output of 50.8 kW

PV penetration 80.2%

Hours of operation 4,431 hr / yr

Levelized cost of $ 0.0424 / kWh

Total rated capacity is the total capacity of all PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). Every single unit module has a nominal capacity of 250 W so that the required modules as many as 200 pieces to achieve an average total capacity of 50 kW peak.

Mean output shows the average output of all generating units (PV modules) in one year. The value of the mean output at this time the system is 8.6 kW. This value is much lower than the value of installed capacity, this is because the solar insolation data sources has an average intensity of radiation is small and the rising sun that are limited during the day until late afternoon so that PV modules can not produce electrical energy.

Capacity factor in this simulation results show the value of the capacity factor of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). Because the average output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) is a 8.6 kW of total installed capacity of 50 kW, the capacity factor of the system is approximately 17.1%. The higher the value, the more good capacity factor of the PLTH system and the energy generated is also greater.

Total production on the simulation result shows the total production of the energy produced by the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) for one year. The amount of electrical energy production for one year this system is 74 981 kWh / year.

Minimum output on the results of this simulation show the amount of power output during the year by the smallest 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). The minimum value of the output occurs when the smallest solar insolation, which is when the intensity of the sun is 0 (no sun) so that the minimum value of the output is also 0 kW.

Maximum output in this simulation results indicate the condition of the maximum power output of 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250). This occurs when the value of the largest solar insolation work on pv modules. Solar insolation data is used, the largest solar insolation is 5.190 kWh / m / d in September. At this moment occurs the maximum output value of 50.8 kW.

Wind penetration percentages show the amount of solar radiation penetration in the PV Module 250W with CE (S / M-250). This value is derived from the average energy produced PV modules during the year divided by the average load PLTH served for a year. On this result the value of wind penetration is 80.2%.

Hours of operation indicates the length of operating systems generate electrical energy in a year. The value of hours of operation at 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) is 4,431 hours / year. This shows in a year operating systems generate electricity for 4,431 hours.

Levelized cost or cost of energy (COE) shows the average price of electricity produced by the system and used to supply the load. The smaller the value, the more profitable COE system or project we build. At the planning PLTH who use 200 units 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250), the magnitude of COE is $ 0.0424 / kWh.

6. Battery Hoppecke 20 OPzS 2500 Ah

As in the preceding discussion, the battery used is tipe Hoppecke 20 OpzS 2500 Ah.

String size indicates the size / number of batteries in one serial. Size string value of this system is 110, which means there are 110 battery in the battery serial.

Strings in parallel shows the serial number contained in the parallel arrangement of the battery. This value is 2, which means there are 2 serial arrangement in parallel batreai.

Bateries shows the total battery used by PLTH. Bateries value on the simulation result is 220, which means there are 220 batteries used in PLTH. This value is a multiplication of the value of the string size with strings in parallel (110 x 2 = 220).

Bus voltage is the magnitude of the DC bus voltage caused by battery configurations are made. The magnitude of the bus voltage is proportional to the value of the nominal battery voltage multiplied by the number of batteries per string. In the simulation results PLTH system's DC bus voltage is 220 volts, this value is comparable to 110 x 2 volts.

Nominal capacity is the value of the nominal capacity of the battery. This value is comparable to the number of times the battery capacity of the battery. At this project is 220 multiplied by 5 kWh battery so that the nominal capacity is 1,100 kWh.

Usable capacity is nominal rated capacity that can be used to supply the load. Due to the characteristics of the battery has a minimum state of charge is 30%, then the usable capacity is 70% of its nominal capacity. (0.7 x 550 kWh = 385 kWh).

Autonomy indicates how long the battery can supply the load until the maximum limit. Autonomy is the ratio of the size of the battery bank compared with the average electrical load. On the results of this simulation value adalalah 72.2 hour autonomy.

Lifetime show the overall throughput of energy that can circulate in a battery before the battery is experiencing change, regardless of the depth of the circular energy per unit of battery. On the results of this simulation, the value of lifetime throughput is 1.87506 million kWh.

Battery wear costs shows the cost of battery consumption in the system. These are costs that occur circular energy in batteries. In the simulation results with a homer, wear batery value of this cost is $ 0.164 / kWh.

Energy in show the amount of energy that goes into the battery. This energy comes from the rest of the energy produced by the wind turbine and PV modules are not used directly to meet the needs of the load. The amount of energy in the results of this simulation is 52 963 kWh / yr.

Energy outs show the amount of energy released from the battery to supply the load. This condition occurs when the turbine and PV modules do not generate electricity, then the battery will issue its energy savings to meet the load requirements. The amount of energy out on the results of this simulation is 46 395 kWh / yr.

Storage depletion or running out of storage shows the amount of energy that is not well supplied by a battery for one year because of insufficient battery energy reserves. When the turbine is not producing energy and energy savings in battery is not enough to serve the load then there was a depletion of storage. Value storage depletion on the results of this simulation is 770 kWh / yr.

Losses show the amount of energy loss that occurs in the battery for one year. The larger the value, the more losses this energy storage system is not good. Losses in the value of this battery is 5797 kWh / yr.

Annual throughput indicates the amount of energy that circulated for a year in the cycle of the battery. The magnitude of this value on the results of this simulation is 50 029 kWh / yr.

7. Converter

Here are the results of simulation converter on the homer:

Based on the above image obtained information about the converter as follows:

Table 4. 21 The simulation results on PLTH converter with 25 kW turbine Polaris

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Capacity 30 30 kW

Mean output of 1.2 kW

Minimum Output 0 0 kW

Maximum output 30 kW 30

Capacity factor 23.8 3.9%

Hours of operation 6,591 1,497 hrs / yr

Energy in 63 864 10,594 kWh / yr

Energy out 62 587 10 170 kWh / yr

Losses 1,277 424 kWh / yr

Based on the table above we can see that the value of the converter is 30 kW capacity different from the calculation in advance planning. This shows that the planning is still reviewing the factors that affect the amount of the capacity of the converter. Then the hours of operation for the value especially for rectifier increased when compared to the previous design, because the energy in and energy out increase the amount so that it takes a longer time to perform the operation on the rectifier.

IV.5 Comparison of the two PLTH

IV.5.1 Comparison turbines used

Turbines used in this PLTH differ in a large capacity. The type that is appropriate turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW has a capacity of 10 kW with a cut-in value is known is 2.5 m / s. As for the Polaris turbine kW P-25 has a capacity of 25 kW with a cut-in value of 2.7 m / s.

Based on the picture above we can see that the energy output of 25 kW turbine Polaris is greater than the energy output of a turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW. Comparison of the energy output of the turbine it would affect the simulation results for PLTH to be designed.

IV.5.2 Comparison of Simulation Results

In the simulation results using homer software is obvious there is a difference of both the PLTH planning. Differences between the PLTH very dominant due to differences in turbines used, while for the other components in the same assume. So in this discussion is focused on the differences turbines used. The following will be displayed difference PLTH project with two turbines are different. 

PLTH characteristics BWC Excel-S 10 kW and kW turbine Polaris25. PLTH which uses turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW turbines requires 5 to reach a capacity of 50 kW, while the batteries required are as many as 220 pieces. For converters that will be used is a converter that has a capacity of 40 kW. The characteristics of the input to the simulation homer which in this plan will be in the hybrid turbine with pv modules with an installed capacity of 50 kW will result in total energy production of 84 774 kWh / yr. As for PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbine will require two pieces of the turbine to reach a capacity of 50 kW. The number of batteries required is 220 units with a capacity of 30 kW converter. As with PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, the PLTH will also be in hybrid with a capacity of 50 kW PV module so that it will produce a total energy production of 116 147 kWh / yr.

The overall energy produced by PLTH that use turbines Polaris 25 kW much larger than the PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW although both PLTH it has defined capacity as large as 50 kW for the turbine and 50 kW for pv modules.

In terms of economic capital is known for using a turbine PLTH planning BWC Excel-S 10 kW is as much as USD 612 780 while for planning PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbines require a capital of USD 489 382. Differences in capital for both PLTH is because the difference in price and also the number of turbines needed, although the review of the unit price turbines Polaris 25 kW more expensive, but for the purposes of PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW more that is 5 turbine so that the amount of time over many compared with Polaris turbine needs only need two pieces of the turbine.

Then seen from its total NPC to PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW requires a fee of USD 877 999, while for PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbine requires a fee of USD 658 363. The total costs of planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW greater than the total cost of planning PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbines. This is because the cost of capital for larger turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW as well as components used in planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW more in quantity as an example is a converter. To see more clearly the difference in economic characteristics of the thermal power station.

The cost for the planning PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW higher than the planning PLTH using turbines Polaris 25 kW because the details are for the cost of capital is greater that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW because the quantity is required by these turbines in addition to the greater capacity of converters required by this turbine thereby increasing operating and maintenance costs that ultimately will affect the total cost of PLTH the NPC.

IV.6 Sketch Plan PLTH

IV.6.1 Sketch Plan MHP turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW

In the discussion this time will show the planning for the PLTH development plan sketches. Plan PLTH above are designed using software microsoft visio a scale of 1: 250. With such scale has been calculated previously that the plan PLTH total area is 52,500 square meters. For turbine BWC Excel-S 10 kW bejumlah 5 pieces, each of which is assumed 25 meters between towernya foot tower with a height of 30 meters according to the average speed of the wind turbine is planned at a height of 30 meters. As for using the Module 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) takes 200 modules, each of which has an area of ​​approximately 165 cm x 99.2 cm and is assumed to be 4 strings arranged so that each string of modules totaling 50 mounted series. In the sketch above is not shown all the modules due to the limited amount of space that will affect the total area and also scale to be used.

IV.6.2 Sketch Plan PLTH using 25 kW turbines Polaris

As with the previous discussion, this time will also be shown a sketch plan PLTH using software microsoft visio using Polaris 25 kW turbine. Plan PLTH above are designed using software microsoft visio a scale of 1: 250. With such scale has been calculated previously that the plan PLTH total area is 23,500 square meters. When compared with PLTH that use turbines BWC Excel-S 10 kW, PLTH which uses turbines Polaris 25 kW has a broad sketch of smaller ataulebih narrow, this is because the number of turbines that are used less ie only 2 pieces so that only take land that is not too broad. Polaris to 25 kW turbine that bejumlah 2 pieces, each of which is assumed 25 meters between towernya foot tower with a height of 30 meters according to the average speed of the wind turbine is planned at a height of 30 meters. As for using the Module 250W pv module with CE (S / M-250) takes 200 modules, each of which has an area of ​​approximately 165 cm x 99.2 cm and is assumed to be 4 strings arranged so that each string of modules totaling 50 mounted series. In the sketch above is not shown all the modules due to the limited amount of space that will affect the total area and also scale to be used.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

V.1 Conclusion

Based on the research that has been done, some conclusions can be drawn as follows.

1. The area Cilacap especially in the coastal areas and the surrounding Turtle Bay has the potential of wind and solar energy that can be harnessed as a source of electrical energy in a Hybrid Power Generating System (PLTH)

2. Total energy production PLTH use 5 units of 100 kW wind turbine types BWC Excel-S 10 kW and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) in the calculation was 87220.3 kWh / year, whereas in simulation using software homer amounted to 84 774 kWh / year.

3. The total production capacity of 100 kW PLTH energy use 2 Polaris 25 kW turbine units and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) in the calculation amounted to 115,481.6 kWh / year, whereas in simulation using software homer was 116 147 kWh / year.

4. Planning homer PLTH using the software can be done by using a turbine unit 5 BWC Excel-S 10 kW and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) converter 40 kW, 220 pieces of batteries in series with the load asuumsi of 198, 29 kWh / day.

5. Planning PLTH using homer software can be done using Polaris 2 25 kW turbine units and 200 units of Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) converter 30 kW, 220 pieces of batteries in series with the load asuumsi amounted to 262.6 kWh / day.

6. In the turbines PLTH planning BWC Excel-S 10 kW and with CE 250W Solar Module (S / M-250) required initial capital of US $ 612.780 and the total cost of the project over 25 years amounted to US $ 877.999 to the cost of energy (COE ) amounted to US $ 0.966 / kWh.

7. In the planning PLTH using Polaris 25 kW turbines and Solar Module 250W with CE (S / M-250) required initial capital of US $ 489,382 and the total cost of the project over 25 years amounted to US $ 658,363 to the cost of energy (COE) of US $ 0.573 / kWh.

8. For the same capacity of 100 kW, PLTH designed using BWC Excel-S turbine has a power output that is much smaller than the turbine Polaris. In addition, the initial capital for the design of the turbine PLTH BWC Excel-S is more expensive.

9. For the same capacity of 100 kW, COE of PLTH Polaris 100 kW turbines have the value smaller than PLTH turbines BWC Excel-S, but the difference is not too big.

V.2 Suggestions

1. To improve the quality and reliability in supplying the load, which will be designed PLTH need to be combined with a generator or connect to PLN net.

2. In a stand-alone system, the converter and the battery capacity needs to be increased to reduce the excess electricity and increase autonomy of PLTH so as to supply the load even if the energy source is wind and solar were insufficient.

3. Need to be predictive of potential wind and solar energy to determine the continuity of PLTH in times to come.

4. For planning further research can be done by determining the load to be supplied before determining PLTH capacity to be designed so that no energy is lost unused.